 |
||||||
Topic, The topic where you can only post the most random things you can think of that doesn't make sense... | ||||||
| ||||||
You must register or log in to post a message.     (guess)   btw. THE TITLE IS STILL MISSPELT!!!!! NOOOOOOOOOOOOO PEANUT BUTTER JELLY TIME PEANUT BUTTER JELLY TIME PEANUT BUTTER JELLY TIME PEANUT BUTTER JELLY TIME PEANUT BUTTER JELLY TIME PEANUT BUTTER JELLY TIME PEANUT BUTTER JELLY TIME PEANUT BUTTER JELLY TIME PEANUT BUTTER JELLY TIME PEANUT BUTTER JELLY TIME PEANUT BUTTER JELLY TIME PEANUT BUTTER JELLY TIME PEANUT BUTTER JELLY TIME PEANUT BUTTER JELLY TIME PEANUT BUTTER JELLY TIME PEANUT BUTTER JELLY TIME  * 28 January - Royal Aircraft Factory test pilot Maj. Frank W. Goodden is killed in the second prototype S.E.5, A4562 at RAE Farnborough, when it breaks up in flight. At the time of his death, Goodden was one of Britain's most experienced pilots. Inspection found that the wings had suffered failure in downward torsion. Plywood webs were added to the compression ribs, curing the trouble and were standardized on all later S.E.5s and 5a's. [14][15] * 7 February - Imperial German Navy Zeppelin L 36, LZ82, damaged during landing in fog at Rehben-an-der-Aller and decommissioned. * June - During this month, six Russian Anatra D biplanes crash due to poor quality manufacturing, killing their pilots. The Russian aircraft builder was hampered by a shortage of high quality wood and fabricated each wing spar in two pieces, overlapping at the joint by only 12 inches, held together with glue and tape. [1] * 16 June - Imperial German Navy Zeppelin L 40, LZ88, damaged beyond repair in a failed landing at Nordholz. * 7 August - Squadron Commander Edwin H. Dunning, RNAS, (17 July 1892 - 7 August 1917) during landing attempt aboard HMS Furious, Pennant number 47, in Sopwith Pup, N6452, decides to go around before touchdown, but Le Rhône rotary engine chokes, Pup stalls and falls into the water off the starboard bow. Pilot stunned, drowns in the 20 minutes before rescuers reach still-floating airframe. Dunning had made two previous successful landings on Furious, the first-ever aboard a moving vessel.[16] * 25 August - First Vickers F.B.26 Vampire, unnumbered, piloted by Vickers test pilot Harold Barnwell, crashes at Joyce Green, when he attempts a spin without sufficient altitude for recovery. Pilot KWF.[17] * 19 October - Imperial German Navy Zeppelin L 16, LZ50, damaged beyond repair in a forced landing near Brunsbüttel. Pants" redirects here. For underpants, see Undergarment. Trousers are an item of clothing worn on the lower part of the body from the waist to the ankles, covering both legs separately (rather than with cloth stretching across both as in skirts and dresses). Such items of clothing are often referred to as pants in countries such as Canada, South Africa and the United States. Additional synonyms include slacks, kegs or kex, breeches (sometimes pronounced /ˈbrɪtʃɨz/) or breeks. Historically, as for the West, trousers have been the standard lower-body clothing item for males since the 16th century; by the late 20th century, they had become prevalent for females as well. Trousers are worn at the hips or waist, and may be held up by their own fastenings, a belt, or suspenders (braces). Leggings are form-fitting trousers of a clingy material, often knitted cotton and lycra. Contents [hide]Terminology In North America, pants is the general category term, and trousers refers, often more formally, specifically to tailored garments with a waistband and (typically) belt-loops and a fly-front. For instance, informal elastic-waist knitted garments would never be called trousers in the U.S. Undergarments are called underwear, underpants, or panties (the last are women's garments specifically) to distinguish them from other pants that are worn on the outside. The term drawers normally refers to undergarments, but in some dialects, may be found as a synonym for "breeches", that is, trousers. In these dialects, the term underdrawers is used for undergarments. In Australia the terms pants and trousers are synonymous. In parts of the United Kingdom, trousers is the general category term, and pants refers to underwear. In some parts of Scotland, trousers are known as trews; taken from the early Middle English trouse, its plural developed into trousers. Various people in the contemporary fashion industry use the word pant instead of pants. This is grammatically incorrect. The word pants is a plurale tantum, always in plural form much like the words scissors and tongs. Pant would actually mean just a single leg being covered with clothing.[1] [edit] History This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2008) Germanic trousers of the 4th century found in the Thorsberg moor, Germany Nomadic Eurasian horsemen such as the Iranian Scythians, along with Achaemenid Persians, were among the first to wear trousers. In ancient China, trousers were only worn by soldiers. Men's clothes in Hungary in the 15th century consisted of a shirt and trousers as underwear, and a dolman worn over them, as well as a short fur-lined or sheepskin coat. Their trousers were simple in general, only their colour being unusual, but the dolman covered the greater part of the trousers.[2] Trousers were introduced into Western European culture at several points in history, but gained their current predominance only in the 16th century, from a Commedia dell'Arte character named Pantalone (Italian word for Trousers).[3] In England in the Twelfth century, the rustic were often seen in long garments to the ankle, rather like trousers, which are really glorified braies. Trouserlike garments, which became rare again in the thirteenth century, vanished during the fourteenth century and scarcely reappeared for six hundred years. [4] The word itself is of Gaelic or Scots Gaelic origin, from the Middle Irish word "triubhas" (close-fitting shorts), however it is important to note that trews of the Early Industrial Period were in not trousers.[5][6] [edit] Men's trousers Trousers trace their ancestry to the individual hose worn by men in the 15th century (which is why trousers are plural and not singular). The hose were easy to make and fastened to a doublet at the top with ties called "points". It is important that at this point in time, these were not trousers, but trews, as can be seen in the 1746 painting by David Morier.[7][8]. As time went by, the two hose were joined, first in the back then across the front, but still leaving a large opening for sanitary functions. Originally, doublets came almost to the knees, effectively covering the private parts, but as fashions changed and doublets became shorter, it became necessary for men to cover their genitals with a codpiece. By the end of the 16th century, the codpiece had been incorporated into the hose, now usually called breeches, which were roughly knee-length and featured a fly or fall front opening. During the French Revolution, the male citizens of France adopted a working-class costume including ankle-length trousers or pantaloons in place of the aristocratic knee-breeches. This style was introduced to England in the early 19th century, possibly by Beau Brummell, and supplanted breeches as fashionable street wear by mid-century. Breeches survived into the 1940s as the plus-fours or knickers worn for active sports and by young school-boys. Types of breeches are still worn today by baseball and American football players. Sailors may have played a role in the dissemination of trousers as a fashion around the world. In the 17th and 18th centuries, sailors wore baggy trousers known as galligaskins. Sailors were also the first to wear jeans -- trousers made of denim. These became more popular in the late 19th century in the American West, because of their ruggedness and durability. From the late 19th Century until the 1940s, mens flannel trousers known as slacks had no waist sizes (although leg lengths were issued, but alterations were a result of turn ups), there was just one universal fit for all men. These were held up on a very high waist above the stomach, by belts but mainly braces; this resulted in the trousers being very baggy. [edit] Women's trousers Main article: Women wearing pants Wigan pit brow girl. Although trousers for women in western countries did not become fashion items until the later 20th century, women began wearing men's trousers (suitably altered) for outdoor work a hundred years earlier. Starting around the mid 19th Century, Wigan pit brow girls scandalized Victorian society by wearing trousers for their work at the local coal mines. They wore skirts over their trousers and rolled them up to their waist to keep them out of the way. Although pit brow lassies worked above-ground at the pit-head, the task of sorting and shovelling coal was hard manual labour, so wearing the usual long skirts of the time would have greatly hindered their movements. Women working the ranches of the 19th century American West also wore trousers for riding, and in the early 20th century aviatrices and other working women often wore trousers. Actresses Marlene Dietrich and Katharine Hepburn were often photographed in trousers from the 1930s and helped make trousers acceptable for women. During World War II, women working in factories and doing other forms of "men's work" on war service wore trousers when the work demanded it, and in the post-war era trousers became acceptable casual wear for gardening, the beach, and other leisure pursuits. In Britain during the Second World War, because of the rationing of clothing, many women took to wearing their husbands' civilian clothes, including their trousers, to work while their husbands were away in the armed forces. This was partly because they were seen as practical garments of workwear, and partly to allow women to keep their clothing allowance for other uses. As this practice of wearing trousers became more widespread and as the men's clothes wore out, replacements were needed, so that by the summer of 1944 it was reported that sales of women's trousers were five times more than in the previous year.[9] In the 1960s, André Courrèges introduced long trousers for women as a fashion item, leading to the era of the pantsuit and designer jeans and the gradual eroding of the prohibitions against girls and women wearing trousers in schools, the workplace, and fine restaurants. [edit] Parts of trousers Parts of trousers [edit] Pleats Pleats just below the waistband on the front are typical of many styles of formal and casual trousers including suit trousers and khakis. There may be one, two, three, or no pleats, which may face either direction. When the pleats open towards the pockets they are called reverse pleats (typical of khakis and corduroy trousers) and when they open toward the zipper, they are known as forward pleats. Utilitarian or very casual styles such as jeans, cargo pants, and jorts are flat-front (without pleats at the waistband) but may have bellows pockets. [edit] Cuffs Most trouser legs are finished by hemming the bottom to prevent fraying. Trousers with cuffs (turn-ups in British English), after hemming, are rolled outward and sometimes pressed or stitched into place. The main reason for the cuffs is to add weight to the bottom of the leg, to help the drape of the trousers. [edit] Fly Main article: Fly (clothing) A fly on clothing is a covering over an opening join concealing the mechanism, such as a zip, velcro or buttons used to join the opening. The term is most frequently applied to a short opening in trousers, shorts and other garments covering the groin, and to allow garments to be taken on and off with greater ease. Trousers have varied historically in whether or not they have flies. Originally, hose did not cover between the legs, which was hidden by a codpiece, and when breeches were worn, for example in the Regency period, they were fall-fronted (or broad fall). After trousers (pantaloons) were later invented later the fly-front (split fall) emerged. Later[10] the panelled front returned as a sporting option, such as in riding breeches, but is now hardly used, flies being by far the most common fastening. Most flies now use a zip, though enthusiasts continue to wear button flies. [edit] Society It is customary in the western world for men to wear trousers and not skirts or dresses. However, there are exceptions, such as the Scottish kilt and the Greek foustanella, worn on ceremonial occasions, as well as robes or robe-like clothing such as the cassocks, etc. of clergy and academic robes (both rarely worn in daily use today). (See also Men's skirts.) Convertible Ventilated Trousers shown with one leg cover removed Based on Deuteronomy 22:5 in the Bible, some groups believe that women should not wear trousers, but only skirts and dresses. Among certain groups, low-rise, baggy trousers exposing underwear are in fashion, e.g. among skaters and in 1990s hip hop fashion despite its prison-based origins. This fashion is called sagging. Cut-offs are homemade shorts made by cutting the legs off trousers, usually after holes have been worn in fabric around the knees. This extends the useful life of the trousers. The remaining leg fabric may be hemmed or left to fray after being cut. Removing one's trousers in public is considered taboo. [edit] Law In May 2004 in Louisiana, state legislator Derrick Shepherd proposed a bill that would make it a crime to appear in public wearing trousers below the waist and thereby exposing one's skin or "intimate clothing".[11] The Louisiana bill was retracted after negative public reaction. In February 2005, Virginia legislators tried to pass a similar law that would have made punishable by a $50 fine: "any person who, while in a public place, intentionally wears and displays his below-waist undergarments, intended to cover a person's intimate parts, in a lewd or indecent manner". It is not clear whether, with the same coverage by the trousers, exposing underwear was considered worse than exposing bare skin, or that the latter was already covered by another law. It passed in the Virginia House of Delegates. However, various criticisms to it arose. For example, newspaper columnists and radio talk show hosts consistently said that since most people that would be penalized under the law would be young African-American men, the law would thus be a form of discrimination against them. Virginia's state senators voted against passing the law.[12][13] Carol Broussard, mayor of Delcambre, said that he will sign the proposal unanimously passed by town councillors, so that wearing trousers that reveal one's underwear will lead to a $500 penalty and the risk of six months in jail. "If you expose your private parts, you'll get a fine," said Mr Broussard. He told the Associated Press that people wearing low-slung trousers are "better off taking the pants off and wearing a dress." Ted Ayo, town attorney, said that the new legislation would expand on existing indecent exposure laws in Louisiana: "This is a new ordinance that deals specifically with sagging pants. It's about showing off your underwear in public". Mr. Broussard has received local criticism for the ordinance, with some Delcambre residents claiming that the proposal is racially motivated, due to the popularity of "sagging pants" among black hip-hop fans. However, he responded: "White people wear sagging pants, too."[citations needed] [edit] See also Search Wiktionary Look up trousers in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Search Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Trousers * apparel * Beach shorts * Breeches * Cleavage (buttocks) * Codpiece * Cross-dresser * exploding trousers * Hakama * House of Trouser * Jeans * Knickers * Leggings * No Pants Day * Oxford bags * Pantalettes * Sagging (fashion) * Shorts * Thai fisherman pants * Trews * Trouser clips [edit] References 1. ^ 'Pair of Pants' World Wide Word 2. ^ http://mek.oszk.hu/01900/01919/html/index20.html 3. ^ Italian Culture in the Drama of Shakespeare and His Contemporaries eds Michele Marrapodi 2007 4. ^ Occupational Costume in England from 11th century to 1914 eds Phillis Cunnington and Catherine Lucas Publ A&C black 1976 5. ^ Gaelic Dictionary eds Boyd Robertson and Ian MacDonald 2004 6. ^ James MacDonald Reid, Notes on Oral Lore, 2009 7. ^ James MacDonald Reid, Notes on Scottish Lore, 2009 8. ^ http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_Culloden.jpg 9. ^ L.W.N. Smith. Clothes Rationing in World War 2 10. ^ Croonborg, Frederick: The Blue Book of Men's Tailoring. Croonborg Sartorial Co. New York and Chicago, 1907. p. 123 11. ^ ([1], PDF) 12. ^ Bill Tracking - 2005 session > Legislation 13. ^ LOCI-HEREIN:A Blog About Today And Tommorow,(sic) With Insights From Yesterday.: 50 bucks to Freeball [show] v • d • e Clothing Materials Cotton · Fur · Leather · Linen · Nylon · Polyester · Rayon · Silk · Spandex · Wool Tops Blouse · Crop top · Dress shirt · Halterneck · Henley shirt · Hoodie · Jersey · Guernsey (clothing) · Polo shirt · Shirt · Sleeveless shirt · Sweater · T-shirt · Tube top · Turtleneck Trousers or pants Bell-bottoms · Bermuda shorts · Bondage pants · Boxer shorts · Capri pants · Cargo pants · Culottes · Cycling shorts · Dress pants · Jeans · Jodhpurs · Overall · Parachute pants · Shorts · Sweatpants · Windpants Skirts Ballerina skirt · Hobble skirt · Jean skirt · Job skirt · Leather skirt · Kilt · Pencil skirt · Poodle skirt · Prairie skirt · Miniskirt · Microskirt · Slip · Skort · Train Dresses Ball gown · Cocktail dress · Evening gown · Gown · Jumper dress · Little black dress · Petticoat · Sari · Sundress · Tea gown · Wedding dress Suits and uniforms Academic dress · Afrocentric suit · Black tie · Clerical clothing · Court dress · Gymslip · Jumpsuit · Lab coat · Mao suit · Morning dress · Pantsuit · Red Sea rig · Scrubs · Stroller · Tang suit · Tuxedo · White tie Outerwear Abaya · Academic gown · Anorak · Apron · Blazer · Cloak · Coat · Duffle coat · Frock coat · Jacket · Greatcoat · Hoodie · Men's undergarments · Opera coat · Overcoat · Pea coat · Poncho · Raincoat · Redingote · Robe · Shawl · Shrug · Ski suit · Sleeved blanket · Top coat · Trench coat · Vest · Waistcoat · Windbreaker Underwear Boxer briefs · Boxer shorts · Brassiere · Briefs · Compression shorts · Corselet · Corset · Knickers · Lingerie · Long underwear · Panties · Teddy · Trunks · Undershirt Accessories Belly chain · Belt · Bow tie · Chaps · Earring · Gaiters · Gloves · Handbag · Leg warmer · Leggings · Necklace · Necktie · Scarf · Stocking · Sunglasses · Suspenders · Tights Footwear Athletic shoe · Boot · Dress shoe · Hosiery · Pump · Sandal · Shoe · Slipper · Sock Headwear Balaclava · Cap · Fascinator · Hat · Headband · Helmet · Hijab · Hood · Mantilla · Niqab · Sombrero · Turban · Ushanka · Veil Nightwear Babydoll · Blanket sleeper · Negligee · Nightcap · Nightgown · Nightshirt · Peignoir · Pajamas Clothing parts Back closure · Buckle · Button · Buttonhole · Collar · Cuff · Elastic · Fly · Hemline · Hook-and-eye · Lapel · Neckline · Pocket · Shoulder pad · Shoulder strap · Sleeve · Snap · Strap · Velcro · Waistline · Zipper National costume Abaya · Aboyne dress · Ão bà ba · Ão dà i · Ão tứ thân · Barong Tagalog · Baro't saya · Bunad · Cheongsam · Dashiki · Deel · Dhoti · Dirndl · Djellaba · Gho & Kira · Hanbok · Han Chinese clothing · Jellabiya · JilbÄb · Kebaya · Kente cloth · Kilt · Kimono · Lederhosen · Sampot · Sarafan · Sari · Sarong · Scottish dress Historical garments Banyan · Bedgown · Bodice · Braccae · Breeches · Breeching · Brunswick · Chemise · Chiton · Chlamys · Doublet · Exomis · Farthingale · Frock · Himation · Hose · Houppelande · Jerkin · Justacorps · Palla · Peplos · Polonaise · Smock-frock · Stola · Toga · Tunic History and surveys Africa · Ancient Greece · Ancient Rome · Ancient world · Anglo-Saxon · Byzantine · Clothing terminology · Dress code · Early Medieval Europe · Formal wear · Hanfu · History of clothing and textiles · History of Western fashion series (1100s-2000s) · Sumptuary law · Timeline of clothing and textiles technology · Undergarments · Vietnam · Women wearing pants See also Adaptive clothing · Adult diaper · Bathrobe · Costume · Fashion · Fursuit · Locking clothing · Ironing Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trousers" Categories: Trousers and shortsA feature of nearly all modern human societies is the wearing of clothing or clothes, a category encompassing a wide variety of materials that cover the body. Probably originating in the neolithic age, as mentioned below, the primary purpose of clothing appears to be functional, as a protection from the elements. Clothes also enhance safety during hazardous activities such as hunting and cooking by providing a barrier between the skin and the environment. Clothes incidentally also provide a hygienic barrier, keeping toxins away from the body and limiting the transmission of bacteria and viruses. Clothing use roughly contemporary with the use of furniture, and reducing feces in the shared environment hay have had survival advantages (See evolutionary psychology). Outside of their purely functional purpose, clothes often play an important social and cultural 'signaling' role (e.g. easily identifiable police and army personnel). Most societies develop norms about modesty, religious practices, behavioral appropriateness, social status, and even political affiliations in which clothes may possibly improve the probability of that society's survival prospects. Finally, clothing functions as a form of adornment and an expression of personal taste or style, on which caprice the vast modern fashion industry prospers. Throughout history clothes have been made of materials ranging from leather and furs to elaborate and exotic natural and synthetic fabrics. Some recent scientific research estimates that humans have been wearing clothing for as long as 650,000 years.[1]. Articles carried rather than worn (such as purses, canes, and umbrellas) are normally considered fashion accessories rather than clothing, but hats and small dress sweaters can be called either clothing or accessories.[citation needed] Jewelry and eyeglasses are usually considered as accessories ,[citation needed] even though in common speech these particular items are described as being worn rather than carried. Contents [hide] * 1 Functions of clothing * 2 Cultural aspects o 2.1 Gender differentiation o 2.2 Social status o 2.3 Religious aspects * 3 Origin and history of clothing * 4 Contemporary clothing styles * 5 Political issues o 5.1 Working conditions o 5.2 Fur * 6 Sport and activity * 7 Clothing maintenance o 7.1 Laundry, ironing, storage o 7.2 Mending * 8 The life cycle of clothing * 9 See also * 10 References * 11 External links [edit] Functions of clothing A baby wearing many items of winter clothing: headband, cap, fur-lined coat, shawl and sweater One of the primary purposes of clothing is to keep the wearer warm or in some cases cool. In hot climates clothing provides protection from sunburn or wind damage, while in cold climates its thermal insulation properties are generally more important. Shelter usually reduces the functional need for clothing. For example, coats, hats, gloves, shoes, socks, and other superficial layers would normally be removed when entering or once inside a warm home, particularly if one is residing or sleeping there. Similarly, clothing have seasonal and regional aspects, so that thinner materials and fewer layers of clothing are generally worn in warmer seasons and regions than in colder ones. Clothing at times is worn as protection from specific environmental hazards, such as insects, noxious chemicals, weapons, and contact with abrasive substances. Clothing can protect against many things that might injure the uncovered human body. Clothes act as protection from the elements, including rain, snow and wind and other weather conditions, even from the sun. Clothes also reduce the level of risk during an activity, such as work or sport. Conversely, clothing may protect the environment from the clothing wearer, as for example wearing of medical scrubs. Humans have shown extreme inventiveness in devising clothing solutions to environmental hazards. Some examples include: space suits, air conditioned clothing, armor, diving suits, swimsuits, bee-keeper gear, motorcycle leathers, high-visibility clothing, and other pieces of protective clothing. Meanwhile, the distinction between clothing and protective equipment is not always clear-cut, since clothes designed to be fashionable will often have some protective value and clothes which are designed to be functional will often consider fashion in their design. [edit] Cultural aspects [edit] Gender differentiation Former US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and Turkish President Abdullah Gül wearing Western-style business suits. In most cultures, gender differentiation of clothing is considered appropriate for men and women. The differences are in styles, colors and fabrics. * In Western societies, skirts, dresses and high-heeled shoes are usually seen as women's clothing, while neckties are usually seen as men's clothing. Trousers were once seen as exclusively male clothing, but are nowadays worn by both sexes. Male clothes are often more practical (that is, they can function well under a wide variety of situations), but a wider range of clothing styles is available for females. Males are typically allowed to bare their chests in a greater variety of public places. It is generally acceptable for a woman to wear traditionally male clothing, while the converse is unusual. * In some cultures, sumptuary laws regulate what men and women are required to wear. * Islam requires women to wear hijab, or modest clothing. What qualifies as "modest" varies in different Muslim societies; however, women are usually required to cover more of their bodies than men are. Articles of clothing worn by Muslim women for purposes of modesty range from the headscarf to the burqa. * Men may sometimes choose to wear men's skirts such as togas or kilts, especially on ceremonial occasions. Such garments were (in previous times) often worn as normal daily clothing by men. * Compared to men's clothing, women's clothing tends to be attractive, often intended to looked at by men.[2] In the modern West, women are more likely to wear makeup, jewellery, and colorful clothing, while in very traditional cultures women are protected from men's gazes by modest dress. [edit] Social status Alim Khan's bemedaled robe is a social message In some societies, clothing may be used to indicate rank or status. In ancient Rome, for example, only senators were permitted to wear garments dyed with Tyrian purple. In traditional Hawaiian society only high-ranking chiefs wear feather cloaks and palaoa or carved whale teeth. Under the Travancore Kingdom of Kerala, (India), lower caste women had to pay a tax for the right to cover their upper body. In China, before the establishment of the republic, only the emperor could wear yellow. There are numerous examples throughout history of elaborate systems of sumptuary laws regulating what people could wear. In societies without such laws, which includes most modern societies, social status is instead signaled by the purchase of high cost, rare, or luxury items, the purchase of which are effectively limited to those with the wealth or status to acquire them. In addition, peer pressure may influence clothing choice. [edit] Religious aspects See also: Category:Religious vesture Religious clothing might be considered a special case of occupational clothing. Sometimes it is worn only during the performance of religious ceremonies. However, it may also be worn everyday as a marker for special religious status. For example, Jains wear unstitched cloth pieces when performing religious ceremonies. The unstitched cloth signifies unified and complete devotion to the task at hand, with no digression.[citation needed] Sikhs wear a turban as it is a part of their religion. The cleanliness of religious dresses in Eastern Religions like Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism is of paramount importance, which indicates purity. Clothing figures prominently in the Bible where it appears in numerous contexts, the more prominent ones being: the story of Adam and Eve, Joseph's cloak, Judah and Tamar, Mordechai and Esther. Furthermore the priests officiating in the Temple had very specific garments, the lack of which would make one liable to death. Jewish ritual also requires rending of one's upper garment as a sign of mourning. This practice is found in the Bible when Jacob hears of the apparent death of his son Joseph.[3] [edit] Origin and history of clothing Main article: History of clothing See also: History of Western fashion and Category:History of clothing According to archaeologists and anthropologists, the earliest clothing likely consisted of fur, leather, leaves or grass which were draped, wrapped or tied around the body. Knowledge of such clothing remains inferential, since clothing materials deteriorate quickly compared to stone, bone, shell and metal artifacts. Archeologists have identified very early sewing needles of bone and ivory from about 30,000 BC, found near Kostenki, Russia in 1988.[citation needed] Scientists are still debating when people started wearing clothes. Ralf Kittler, Manfred Kayser and Mark Stoneking, anthropologists at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, have conducted a genetic analysis of human body lice that suggests clothing originated quite recently, around 107,000 years ago. Body lice is an indicator of clothes-wearing, since most humans have sparse body hair, and lice thus require human clothing to survive. Their research suggests the invention of clothing may have coincided with the northward migration of modern Homo sapiens away the warm climate of Africa, thought to have begun between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago. However, a second group of researchers using similar genetic methods estimate that clothing originated around 540,000 years ago (Reed et al. 2004. PLoS Biology 2(11): e340). For now, the date of the origin of clothing remains unresolved.[citation needed] Some human cultures, such as the various people of the Arctic Circle, until recently made their clothing entirely of prepared and decorated furs and skins. Other cultures have supplemented or replaced leather and skins with cloth: woven, knitted, or twined from various animal and vegetable fibers. See also: weaving, knitting, and twining Although modern consumers may take the production of clothing for granted, making fabric by hand is a tedious and labor intensive process. That the textile industry was the first to be mechanized during the Industrial Revolution attests to this fact; before the invention of the powered loom, textile production took many hours and callused many hands. Different cultures have evolved various ways of creating clothes out of cloth. One approach simply involves draping the cloth. Many people wore, and still wear, garments consisting of rectangles of cloth wrapped to fit — for example, the dhoti for men and the saree for women in the Indian subcontinent, the Scottish kilt or the Javanese sarong. The clothes may simply be tied up, as is the case of the first two garments; or pins or belts hold the garments in place, as in the case of the latter two. The precious cloth remains uncut, and people of various sizes or the same person at different sizes can wear the garment. Another approach involves cutting and sewing the cloth, but using every bit of the cloth rectangle in constructing the clothing. The tailor may cut triangular pieces from one corner of the cloth, and then add them elsewhere as gussets. Traditional European patterns for men's shirts and women's chemises take this approach. Modern European fashion treats cloth much more prodigally, typically cutting in such a way as to leave various odd-shaped cloth remnants. Industrial sewing operations sell these as waste; home sewers may turn them into quilts. In the thousands of years that humans have spent constructing clothing, they have created an astonishing array of styles, many of which we can reconstruct from surviving garments, photos, paintings, mosaics, etc., as well as from written descriptions. Costume history serves as a source of inspiration to current fashion designers, as well as a topic of professional interest to costumers constructing for plays, films, television, and historical reenactment. [edit] Contemporary clothing styles A rave style, 2007 Please help improve this article by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page. (February 2009) Western fashion has, to some extent, become international fashion, as Western media and styles penetrate all parts of the world. Fast fashion clothing is widespread worldwide. These garments are less expensive, mass-produced Western clothing. Used clothing from Western countries also reach people in poor countries. People may wear ethnic or national dress on special occasions or in certain roles or occupations. For example, most Korean men and women have adopted Western-style dress for daily wear, but will still wear traditional hanboks on special occasions, like weddings and cultural holidays. Items of Western dress may also appear worn or accessorized in distinctive, non-Western ways. A Tongan man may combine a used T-shirt with a Tongan wrapped skirt, or tupenu. There is a very diverse range of styles in Western fashions, ranging from expensive haute couture to thrift store grunge. [edit] Political issues [edit] Working conditions This section requires expansion. Garment workers often have to labor under poor conditions. Mass-produced clothing is often manufactured in Sweatshop conditions, typified by long work hours, lack of benefits, and lack of worker representation. While most sweatshops are found in developing countries, clothes made in industrialized nations may also be manufactured in sweatshops, most often staffed by undocumented immigrants. Coalitions of NGOs, designers (Katharine Hamnett, American Apparel, Veja, Quiksilver, eVocal, Edun,...) and campaign groups like the Clean Clothes Campaign (CCC) seek to improve these conditions as much as possible by sponsoring awareness-raising events, which draw the attention of both the media and the general public to the workers' conditions. Outsourcing production to low wage countries like Bangladesh, China, India and Sri Lanka became possible when the Multi Fibre Agreement (MFA) was abolished. The MFA was deemed a protectionist measure which placed quotas on the exports of textiles.[citation needed] Globalization is often quoted as the single most contributing factor to the poor working conditions of garment workers. Although many countries recognize treaties like the ILO, many have also made exceptions to certain parts of the treaties. India for example has not ratified sections 87 and 92 of the treaty.[citation needed] [edit] Fur Main article: Fur clothing The use of animal fur in clothing dates to prehistoric times. It is currently associated in developed countries with expensive, designer clothing, although fur is still used by indigenous people in arctic zones and higher elevations for its warmth and protection. Once uncontroversial, it has recently been the focus of campaigns on the grounds that it may be cruel and unnecessary. PETA, along with other animal rights and animal liberation groups have called attention to fur farming and other practices they consider cruel. [edit] Sport and activity Most sports and physical activities are practiced wearing special clothing, for practical, comfort or safety reasons. Common sportswear garments include short pants, T-shirts, tennis shirts, tracksuits, and trainers. Specialized garments include wet suits (for swimming, diving or surfing), salopettes (for skiing) and leotards (for gymnastics). Also, spandex materials are often used as base layers to soak up sweat. Spandex is also preferable for active sports that require form fitting garments, such as wrestling, track & field, dance, gymnastics and swimming. [edit] Clothing maintenance Clothes drying in the sun. Clothing suffers assault both from within and without. The human body sheds skin cells and body oils, and exudes sweat, urine, and feces. From the outside, sun damage, moisture, abrasion and dirt assault garments. Fleas and lice may hide in seams. Worn clothing, if not cleaned and refurbished, will itch, look scruffy, and lose functionality (as when buttons fall off and zippers fail). In some cases, people wear an item of clothing until it falls apart. Cleaning leather presents difficulties, and bark cloth (tapa) cannot be washed without dissolving it. Owners may patch tears and rips, and brush off surface dirt, but old leather and bark clothing will always look old. But most clothing consists of cloth, and most cloth can be laundered and mended (patching, darning, but compare felt). [edit] Laundry, ironing, storage Humans have developed many specialized methods for laundering, ranging from early methods of pounding clothes against rocks in running streams, to the latest in electronic washing machines and dry cleaning (dissolving dirt in solvents other than water). Hot water washing (boiling), chemical cleaning and ironing are all traditional methods of sterilizing fabrics for hygene purposes. Many kinds of clothing are designed to be ironed before they are worn to remove wrinkles. Most modern formal and semi-formal clothing is in this category (for example, dress shirts and suits). Ironed clothes are believed to look clean, fresh, and neat. Much contemporary casual clothing is made of knit materials that do not readily wrinkle, and do not require ironing. Some clothing is permanent press, having been treated with a coating (such as polytetrafluoroethylene) that suppresses wrinkles and creates a smooth appearance without ironing. Once clothes have been laundered and possibly ironed, they are usually hung on clothes hangers or folded, to keep them fresh until they are worn. Clothes are folded to allow them to be stored compactly, to prevent creasing, to preserve creases or to present them in a more pleasing manner, for instance when they are put on sale in stores. Many kinds of clothes are folded before they are put in suitcases as preparation for travel. Other clothes, such as suits, may be hung up in special garment bags, or rolled rather than folded. Many people use their clothing as packing material around fragile items that might otherwise break in transit. [edit] Mending In past times, mending was an art. A meticulous tailor or seamstress could mend rips with thread raveled from hems and seam edges so skillfully that the darn was practically invisible. When the raw material — cloth — was worth more than labor, it made sense to expend labor in saving it. Today clothing is considered a consumable item. Mass-manufactured clothing is less expensive than the labor required to repair it. Many people will buy a new piece of clothing rather than expend time mending. The thrifty still replace zippers and buttons and sew up ripped hems. [edit] The life cycle of clothing Used, unwearable clothing was once used for quilts, rag, rugs, bandages, and many other household uses. It could also be recycled into paper. Now it is usually thrown away. Used but still wearable clothing can be sold at consignment shops, Dress Agencies, flea markets, online auction, or donated to charity. There are many concerns about the life cycle of synthetics which come primarily from petrochemicals. Unlike natural fibers, their source is not renewable (in less than millions of years) and they are not biodegradable. [edit] See also Find more about clothing on Wikipedia's sister projects: Search Wiktionary Definitions from Wiktionary Search Wikibooks Textbooks from Wikibooks Search Wikiquote Quotations from Wikiquote Search Wikisource Source texts from Wikisource Search Commons Images and media from Commons Search Wikinews News stories from Wikinews Search Wikiversity Learning resources from Wikiversity * Blouse * Clothes hanger * Clothes valet * Clothing material * Clothing terminology * Coat * Costume * Dress * Jacket * Jumpsuit * Pajamas * Shirt * Skirt * Trousers * Tunnel finisher [edit] References 1. ^ John Travis (2003-08-23) ([dead link] – Scholar search). The naked truth? Lice hint at a recent origin of clothing. 164. Science News. pp. 118. http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20030823/fob7.asp. 2. ^ http://books.google.ca/books?id=OXmOXQPc6eEC&pg=PA63&lpg=PA63&dq=Women+%2Bclothing+%2Battention+%2Bdress+-islam&source=bl&ots=za_iogc9KC&sig=EHnPXyq-wPd7rj83ImFs9p4-czo&hl=en&ei=rgEXSo2NKJiQmAeqlvDtDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4 The Pursuit of Attention, 2000] 3. ^ http://www.divreinavon.com/pdf/BegedSimlaJBQ.pdf [edit] External links * International Textile and Apparel Association, scholarly publications * German Hosiery Museum (English language) * Molecular Evolution of Pediculus humanus and the Origin of Clothing by Ralf Kittler, Manfred Kayser and Mark Stoneking (.PDF file) * Home Economics Archive: Research, Tradition, History (HEARTH) An e-book collection of over 1,000 books on home economics spanning 1850 to 1950, created by Cornell University's Mann Library. Includes several hundred works on clothing and textiles in this period, itemized in a specific bibliography. [show] v • d • e Clothing Materials Cotton · Fur · Leather · Linen · Nylon · Polyester · Rayon · Silk · Spandex · Wool Tops Blouse · Crop top · Dress shirt · Halterneck · Henley shirt · Hoodie · Jersey · Guernsey (clothing) · Polo shirt · Shirt · Sleeveless shirt · Sweater · T-shirt · Tube top · Turtleneck Trousers or pants Bell-bottoms · Bermuda shorts · Bondage pants · Boxer shorts · Capri pants · Cargo pants · Culottes · Cycling shorts · Dress pants · Jeans · Jodhpurs · Overall · Parachute pants · Shorts · Sweatpants · Windpants Skirts Ballerina skirt · Hobble skirt · Jean skirt · Job skirt · Leather skirt · Kilt · Pencil skirt · Poodle skirt · Prairie skirt · Miniskirt · Microskirt · Slip · Skort · Train Dresses Ball gown · Cocktail dress · Evening gown · Gown · Jumper dress · Little black dress · Petticoat · Sari · Sundress · Tea gown · Wedding dress Suits and uniforms Academic dress · Afrocentric suit · Black tie · Clerical clothing · Court dress · Gymslip · Jumpsuit · Lab coat · Mao suit · Morning dress · Pantsuit · Red Sea rig · Scrubs · Stroller · Tang suit · Tuxedo · White tie Outerwear Abaya · Academic gown · Anorak · Apron · Blazer · Cloak · Coat · Duffle coat · Frock coat · Jacket · Greatcoat · Hoodie · Men's undergarments · Opera coat · Overcoat · Pea coat · Poncho · Raincoat · Redingote · Robe · Shawl · Shrug · Ski suit · Sleeved blanket · Top coat · Trench coat · Vest · Waistcoat · Windbreaker Underwear Boxer briefs · Boxer shorts · Brassiere · Briefs · Compression shorts · Corselet · Corset · Knickers · Lingerie · Long underwear · Panties · Teddy · Trunks · Undershirt Accessories Belly chain · Belt · Bow tie · Chaps · Earring · Gaiters · Gloves · Handbag · Leg warmer · Leggings · Necklace · Necktie · Scarf · Stocking · Sunglasses · Suspenders · Tights Footwear Athletic shoe · Boot · Dress shoe · Hosiery · Pump · Sandal · Shoe · Slipper · Sock Headwear Balaclava · Cap · Fascinator · Hat · Headband · Helmet · Hijab · Hood · Mantilla · Niqab · Sombrero · Turban · Ushanka · Veil Nightwear Babydoll · Blanket sleeper · Negligee · Nightcap · Nightgown · Nightshirt · Peignoir · Pajamas Clothing parts Back closure · Buckle · Button · Buttonhole · Collar · Cuff · Elastic · Fly · Hemline · Hook-and-eye · Lapel · Neckline · Pocket · Shoulder pad · Shoulder strap · Sleeve · Snap · Strap · Velcro · Waistline · Zipper National costume Abaya · Aboyne dress · Ão bà ba · Ão dà i · Ão tứ thân · Barong Tagalog · Baro't saya · Bunad · Cheongsam · Dashiki · Deel · Dhoti · Dirndl · Djellaba · Gho & Kira · Hanbok · Han Chinese clothing · Jellabiya · JilbÄb · Kebaya · Kente cloth · Kilt · Kimono · Lederhosen · Sampot · Sarafan · Sari · Sarong · Scottish dress Historical garments Banyan · Bedgown · Bodice · Braccae · Breeches · Breeching · Brunswick · Chemise · Chiton · Chlamys · Doublet · Exomis · Farthingale · Frock · Himation · Hose · Houppelande · Jerkin · Justacorps · Palla · Peplos · Polonaise · Smock-frock · Stola · Toga · Tunic History and surveys Africa · Ancient Greece · Ancient Rome · Ancient world · Anglo-Saxon · Byzantine · Clothing terminology · Dress code · Early Medieval Europe · Formal wear · Hanfu · History of clothing and textiles · History of Western fashion series (1100s-2000s) · Sumptuary law · Timeline of clothing and textiles technology · Undergarments · Vietnam · Women wearing pants See also Adaptive clothing · Adult diaper · Bathrobe · Costume · Fashion · Fursuit · Ironing · Locking clothing Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing" Categories: ClothingBlouses were rarely part of the fashionable woman's wardrobe until the 1890s. Before that time, they were occasionally popular for informal wear in styles that echoed peasant or traditional clothing, such as the Garibaldi shirt of the 1860s. During the later Victorian period, blouses became common for informal, practical wear. A simple blouse with a plain skirt was the standard dress for the newly expanded female (non-domestic) workforce of the 1890s, especially for those employed in office work. In the 1900s and 1910s, elaborate blouses, such as the "lingerie blouse" (so-called because they were heavily decorated with lace and embroidery in a style formerly restricted to underwear) and the "Gibson Girl blouse" with tucks and pleating, became immensely popular for daywear and even some informal evening wear. Since then, blouses have remained a wardrobe staple. Blouses are often made of cotton or silk cloth and may or may not include a collar and sleeves. They are generally more tailored than simple knit tops, and may contain feminine details such as ruffles, a tie or a soft bow at the neck, or embroidered decorations. Tailoring provides a closer fit to the wearer's shape. This is achieved with sewing of features such as princess seams or darting in the waist and/or bust. Blouses (and many women's shirts with buttons) usually have buttons reversed from that of men's shirts (except in the case of male military fatigues). That is, the buttons are normally on the wearer's left-hand and the buttonholes are on the right. The reasons for this are unclear, and while several theories exist none have conclusive evidence. Some suggest this custom was introduced by launderers so they could distinguish between women's and men's shirts. One theory purports that the tradition arose in the Middle Ages when one manner of manifesting wealth was by the number of buttons one wore. Another that the original design was based on armour which was designed so that a right-handed opponent would not catch their weapon in the seam and tear through, and also that a person could draw a weapon with their right-hand without catching it in a loose seam of their own clothes. Female servants were in charge of buttoning their mistress's gowns (since the buttons were usually in the back). They tired of attempting to deal with buttons that were, from their point of view, backwards and as such they started reversing the placement when making or repairing them. Another possible reason is so men can easily undo blouses as, from the front, buttons are on the same side as a men's shirt. One other theory is that women were normally dressed by their maids, while men dressed themselves. As such, women's blouses were designed so it could be easily buttoned by the maid but that of men were designed so it could be easily buttoned by the person wearing it. Although in all the cases proposed the reasons for the distinction no longer exist, it continues out of custom or tradition. While most women prefer to have the top button open for better comfort, some blouses made for women have looser necklines so the top button can be fastened without compromising comfort, but giving the same stylish appearance. Some women attach various pins and ornaments to their blouses over a fastened top button for style. Some of these attach directly to the button itself, others to the collars. Some religions[who?] require women to wear blouses with the top buttons fastened while in public for modesty. Members of these religions who find this uncomfortable will often circumvent this requirement by wearing a crew-neck or mock turtleneck shirt under their blouse. Some blouses do not have a top button at all, and collars are styled to be open. They also form part of some nation's traditional folk costume. A Highland dancer wearing the Aboyne dress, which uses a blouse (the white part), in a National dance. Another Highland dancer wearing Aboyne dress. A woman wearing a dirndl. The white part on her body and arms is the blouse. [edit] References 1. ^ http://www.apparelsearch.com/glossary_b_3_textile.htm 2. ^ http://toysforkidsvt.com/index.php/marine-dictionary * http://iamfashion.blogspot.com/2005/03/blouse-trends-spring-2005.html [show] v • d • e Clothing Materials Cotton · Fur · Leather · Linen · Nylon · Polyester · Rayon · Silk · Spandex · Wool Tops Blouse · Crop top · Dress shirt · Halterneck · Henley shirt · Hoodie · Jersey · Guernsey (clothing) · Polo shirt · Shirt · Sleeveless shirt · Sweater · T-shirt · Tube top · Turtleneck Trousers or pants Bell-bottoms · Bermuda shorts · Bondage pants · Boxer shorts · Capri pants · Cargo pants · Culottes · Cycling shorts · Dress pants · Jeans · Jodhpurs · Overall · Parachute pants · Shorts · Sweatpants · Windpants Skirts Ballerina skirt · Hobble skirt · Jean skirt · Job skirt · Leather skirt · Kilt · Pencil skirt · Poodle skirt · Prairie skirt · Miniskirt · Microskirt · Slip · Skort · Train Dresses Ball gown · Cocktail dress · Evening gown · Gown · Jumper dress · Little black dress · Petticoat · Sari · Sundress · Tea gown · Wedding dress Suits and uniforms Academic dress · Afrocentric suit · Black tie · Clerical clothing · Court dress · Gymslip · Jumpsuit · Lab coat · Mao suit · Morning dress · Pantsuit · Red Sea rig · Scrubs · Stroller · Tang suit · Tuxedo · White tie Outerwear Abaya · Academic gown · Anorak · Apron · Blazer · Cloak · Coat · Duffle coat · Frock coat · Jacket · Greatcoat · Hoodie · Men's undergarments · Opera coat · Overcoat · Pea coat · Poncho · Raincoat · Redingote · Robe · Shawl · Shrug · Ski suit · Sleeved blanket · Top coat · Trench coat · Vest · Waistcoat · Windbreaker Underwear Boxer briefs · Boxer shorts · Brassiere · Briefs · Compression shorts · Corselet · Corset · Knickers · Lingerie · Long underwear · Panties · Teddy · Trunks · Undershirt Accessories Belly chain · Belt · Bow tie · Chaps · Earring · Gaiters · Gloves · Handbag · Leg warmer · Leggings · Necklace · Necktie · Scarf · Stocking · Sunglasses · Suspenders · Tights Footwear Athletic shoe · Boot · Dress shoe · Hosiery · Pump · Sandal · Shoe · Slipper · Sock Headwear Balaclava · Cap · Fascinator · Hat · Headband · Helmet · Hijab · Hood · Mantilla · Niqab · Sombrero · Turban · Ushanka · Veil Nightwear Babydoll · Blanket sleeper · Negligee · Nightcap · Nightgown · Nightshirt · Peignoir · Pajamas Clothing parts Back closure · Buckle · Button · Buttonhole · Collar · Cuff · Elastic · Fly · Hemline · Hook-and-eye · Lapel · Neckline · Pocket · Shoulder pad · Shoulder strap · Sleeve · Snap · Strap · Velcro · Waistline · Zipper National costume Abaya · Aboyne dress · Ão bà ba · Ão dà i · Ão tứ thân · Barong Tagalog · Baro't saya · Bunad · Cheongsam · Dashiki · Deel · Dhoti · Dirndl · Djellaba · Gho & Kira · Hanbok · Han Chinese clothing · Jellabiya · JilbÄb · Kebaya · Kente cloth · Kilt · Kimono · Lederhosen · Sampot · Sarafan · Sari · Sarong · Scottish dress Historical garments Banyan · Bedgown · Bodice · Braccae · Breeches · Breeching · Brunswick · Chemise · Chiton · Chlamys · Doublet · Exomis · Farthingale · Frock · Himation · Hose · Houppelande · Jerkin · Justacorps · Palla · Peplos · Polonaise · Smock-frock · Stola · Toga · Tunic History and surveys Africa · Ancient Greece · Ancient Rome · Ancient world · Anglo-Saxon · Byzantine · Clothing terminology · Dress code · Early Medieval Europe · Formal wear · Hanfu · History of clothing and textiles · History of Western fashion series (1100s-2000s) · Sumptuary law · Timeline of clothing and textiles technology · Undergarments · Vietnam · Women wearing pants See also Adaptive clothing · Adult diaper · Bathrobe · Costume · Fashion · Fursuit · Ironing · Locking clothing Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blouse" Categories: Clothing by functionA clothes hanger, or coat hanger, is a device in the shape of: * Human shoulders designed to facilitate the hanging of a coat, jacket, sweater, shirt, blouse or dress in a manner that prevents wrinkles, with a lower bar for the hanging of trousers or skirts. * Clamp for the hanging of trousers, skirts, or kilts. Both types can be combined in a single hanger. There are three basic types of clothes hangers. The first is the wire hanger, which has a simple loop of wire, most often steel, in a flattened triangle shape that continues into a hook at the top. The second is the wooden hanger, which consists of a flat piece of wood cut into a boomerang-like shape with the edges sanded down to prevent damage to the clothing, and a hook, usually of metal, protruding from the point. Some wooden hangers have a rounded bar from tip to tip, forming a flattened triangle. This bar is designed to hang the trousers belonging to the jacket. The third kind and most used in today's world are also plastic coat hangers, which mostly mimic the shape of either a wire or wooden hanger. Plastic coat hangers are also produced in smaller sizes to accommodate the shapes of children's clothes. Some hangers have clips along the bottom for suspending skirts. Dedicated skirt and trousers hangers may not use the triangular shape at all, instead using just a rod with clips. Specialized pant hanger racks may accommodate many pairs of trousers. Foldable clothes hangers (http://www.dym.nl) that are designed to be inserted through the collar area for ease of use and the reduction of stretching are an old, yet potentially useful variation on traditional clothes hangers. They have been patented over 200 times in the U.S. alone, as in U.S. Patent 0586456, awarded in 1897 to George E. Rideout. Contents [hide] * 1 History * 2 In culture * 3 Unintended uses * 4 See also * 5 References [edit] History Some historians believe President Thomas Jefferson invented a forerunner [1] of the wooden clothes hanger.[citation needed] However, today's most used hanger, the shoulder-shaped wire hanger, was inspired by a coat hook that was invented in 1869 by O. A. North of New Britain, Connecticut.[citation needed] An employee of the Timberlake Wire and Novelty Company, Albert J. Parkhouse of Jackson, Michigan has also been credited with the invention.[citation needed] In 1906 Meyer May, a men's clothier of Grand Rapids, Michigan, became the first retailer to display his wares on his wishbone-inspired hangers. Some of these original hangers can be seen at the Frank Lloyd Wright designed Meyer May House in Grand Rapids. In 1932 Schuyler C. Hulett patented an improved design, which used cardboard tubes mounted on the upper and lower parts of the wire to prevent wrinkles, and in 1935 Elmer D. Rogers added a tube on the lower bar, which is still used.[citation needed] Hangers can be made in wood, wire, plastic, rarely from rubber substance and other materials. Some are padded with fine materials, such as satin, for expensive clothes, lingerie and fancy dresses. The soft, plush padding is intended to protect garments from shoulder dents that wire hangers may make. [edit] In culture A wire clothes hanger was also a featured prop in a central scene in the 1981 movie Mommie Dearest, in which Joan Crawford, played by Faye Dunaway, enters the room of her daughter, Christina, at night while the girl sleeps, to admire the beautiful clothes hanging nicely in her closet. She then becomes enraged upon discovering that Christina has used a wire hanger, instead of the expensive padded hangers Joan provided and instructed the girl to use. Joan wakes her daughter and gives her a thrashing. Joan's fierce cry of "No wire hangers ever!" quickly worked its way into pop culture. Unfolded wire clothes hangers, because of their use in performing illegal (mainly self induced) abortions (by inserting one in the uterus), are often used in pro-choice rallies. Whoopi Goldberg used one in a rally in 2004. [2] [edit] Unintended uses Wire is versatile, and wire clothes hangers are often used as cheap sources of semi-tough wire, more available than baling wire for all sorts of home projects. Many do-it-yourself and children's projects use wire hangers as holders of various types, from keeping a brake caliper from hanging by the brake line during auto repair work, to securing a gate on a bird cage. After sanding, wire hangers also find uses as conducting wire for uses as varied as hot wiring cars to games [3] to testing hand steadiness. They are commonly used to gain forcible entry into 20th century automobiles whose locks and entry systems are not protected from such methods. Collecticus magazine (UK) reported (in October 2007) that clothes hangers have now become collectable (especially those with a famous company or event advertised across the front). For example, a 1950 Butlins hanger sold for £10.10 in October 2006 within Collecticus. [edit] See also * Clothes valet (also called, men's valet/valet stand). [edit] References 1. ^ Jefferson encyclopedia 2. ^ Women rally for reproductive rights, Toni Locy, on USA Today, 25 April 2004. 3. ^ Neuroscience for Kids University of Washington Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothes_hanger" Categories: Garment industry | Laundry Pyjama" redirects here; for the cartoon character, see Vasco Pyjama; For the Google Web Toolkit, see Pyjamas (software); for the blog hosting company, see Pajamas Media Pajamas, also spelled pyjamas (see also spelling differences) can refer to several related types of clothing. The original paijama are loose, lightweight trousers fitted with drawstring waistbands and worn in South and West Asia by both sexes.[1] In many English-speaking nations, pajamas are loose-fitting, two-piece garments derived from the original garment and worn chiefly for sleeping,[2] but sometimes also for lounging,[3] also by both sexes.[4] More generally, pajamas may refer to several garments, for both daywear and nightwear, derived from traditional pajamas and involving variations of style and material. In colloquial speech, sleeping pajamas are often called "pj's", "jj's", "jim jams", or "jammies";[5] in South Asia they are known as night suits. Contents [hide] * 1 History * 2 Types of Pajamas o 2.1 Original o 2.2 Traditional o 2.3 Contemporary o 2.4 Daywear * 3 Material * 4 Designs and patterns * 5 Custom * 6 In popular culture * 7 External links * 8 See also * 9 Notes Muslim girl, India, in paijama and kurti, 1844. Girl in short sleeve pj's; doll in traditional. Boys in stretch-knit pajamas. Toddler in footed pajamas. Courier in white paijama, India, 1844. Men in white paijama with hunting cheetahs, India 1844. Muslim men in paijamas (various styles), Bombay, 1867 Muslim woman in salwar-style pyjamas, Sind, 1870. [edit] History The word "pyjama" was incorporated into English from the Hindustani language. The word originally derives from the Persian word پايجامه Payjama meaning "leg garment." The worldwide use of pyjamas, both the word and the garment, is the result of British presence in South Asia in the 18th and 19th centuries.[6] According to Yule and Burnell's Hobson-Jobson (1903)[7] the word originally referred to loose trousers tied around the waist. Such a garment is used by various persons in India e.g. by women of various classes, by Sikh men, and most by Muslim of both sexes. It was adopted from the Muslim by Europeans as an article of dishabille and of night attire ... It is probable that we English took the habit like a good many others from the Portuguese. Thus Pyrard (c. 1610) says, in speaking of Goa Hospital: "Ils ont force calsons sans quoy ne couchent iamais les Portugais des Indes" ... The word is now used in London shops. A friend furnishes the following reminiscence: "The late Mr. B—, tailor in Jermyn Street, some 40 years ago, in reply to a question why pyjammas had feet sewn on to them (as was sometimes the case with those furnished by London outfitters) answered: 'I believe, Sir, it is because of the White Ants."[8] Examples. 1828: "His chief joy smoking a cigar in loose Paee-jams and native slippers." Orient. Sport. Mag. reprint 1873, i. 64. 1881: "The rest of our attire consisted of that particularly light and airy white flannel garment, known throughout India as a pyjama suit." Haekel, Ceylon, p. 329.[9] According to Encyclopaedia Britannica, "They were introduced in England as lounging attire in the 17th century but soon went out of fashion. About 1870 they reappeared in the Western world as sleeping attire for men, after returning British colonials brought (them) back ...."[10] Over the past few decades pyjamas have become less popular and many younger men now sleep in their underwear or naked. [edit] Types of Pajamas Traditional pyjamas for sleeping. Salwar pyjama pants as worn in South and Central Asia. Pyjama bottoms worn with sweatshirt. [edit] Original These are items of both daywear and nightwear and are combined with a loose over-shirt such as a kurta. They are usually wide-legged, but may also come in baggy salwar versions or narrow-legged churidar versions. [edit] Traditional Traditional pyjamas consist of a jacket-and-trousers combination made of soft fabric, such as flannel;[11] the jacket has a placket front and its sleeves have no cuffs.[12] [edit] Contemporary These are derived from traditional pajamas, and may be variations of style only, such as short sleeve pajamas,[13] pyjama-bottoms of varying length,[14] or, on occasion, one-piece pajamas,[15] or may involve variation in material used as well. Chiefly in the US, the latter type may refer to stretch-knit sleep apparel with rib-knit trimmings. Usually worn by children, these garments have pullover tops (if two-piece) or have zippers down the fronts (if one-piece), and may also be footed. Although pyjamas are usually distinguished from non-bifurcated sleeping garments such as nightgowns, in the US, they can sometimes include the latter, as in babydoll pajamas.[16] [edit] Daywear Even more generally, Pajamas may refer to women's combination daywear, consisting of short-sleeved or sleeveless blouses and lightweight pants; examples of these are capri pajamas, beach pyjamas, and hostess pajamas.[17] [edit] Material Pyjamas are usually loose fitting and designed for comfort, using softer materials such as cotton or the more luxurious silk or satin. Synthetic materials such as polyester and Lycra are also available. [edit] Designs and patterns Pyjamas often contain visual references to a thing that may hold some special appeal to the wearer. Images of sports, animals, balloons, polka dots and other things may all be used to decorate them. Pyjamas may also be found in plainer designs, such as plaid or plain gray, but when worn in public, they are usually designed in such a way that makes their identity    rom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article or section has multiple issues. Please help improve the article or discuss these issues on the talk page. * It needs additional references or sources for verification. Tagged since October 2008. * It may contain original research or unverifiable claims. Tagged since December 2007. * Its tone or style may not be appropriate for Wikipedia. Tagged since January 2009. Image:Split-arrows.svg It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles. (Discuss) This section of the article is too long to read comfortably, and needs subsections. Please format the article according to the guidelines laid out at Wikipedia:Manual of Style (headings) (March 2009) This is an incomplete list, which may never be able to satisfy certain standards for completion. You can help by expanding it with sourced additions. This list may contain incorrect or out of date information; you can help by making corrections. The Royal Arms of the United Kingdom (as displayed outside Scotland) since the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837, featuring the arms of England in the first and third quarter, Scotland in the second, and Ireland in the fourth. Electress Sophia of Hanover. The line of succession to the British Throne is a partial list of the people in line to succeed to the throne of the United Kingdom. The succession is regulated by the Act of Settlement 1701, the Royal Marriages Act 1772 and common law.[1] The line of succession is restricted to the heirs of the Electress Sophia of Hanover, as determined by male-preference primogeniture, religion, and legitimate birth: * A person is always immediately followed in the succession by his or her own legitimate descendants (his or her line) except for any legitimate descendants who already appear higher in the line of succession. Birth order and gender matter: older sons (and their lines) come before younger sons (and theirs); a person's sons (and their lines), irrespective of age, all come before his or her daughters (and their lines).[2] * The monarch must be a Protestant at the time of accession, and enter into communion with the Church of England after accession.[2] * Anyone who is Roman Catholic, becomes Roman Catholic, or marries a Roman Catholic is permanently excluded from the succession.[2] * A person born to parents who are not married to each other at the time of birth (a bastard) is not included in the line of succession. The subsequent marriage of the parents does not alter this.[3] Under British law, a child born to a married woman is assumed to be the child of her husband. Apart from identifying the next monarch, the line of succession is also used to select the Counsellors of State (and a regent if the need arises) under the provisions of the Regency Act 1937.[4] The first seven positions in the line of succession have remained unchanged since the birth of Princess Eugenie in March 1990. For past versions of the line, see History of the British line of succession. Contents [hide] * 1 Format of the list * 2 Line of succession o 2.1 Descendants of George II (1683–1760) + 2.1.1 Descendants of Prince Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1844–1900) # 2.1.1.1 Descendants of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught (1850–1942) * 2.1.1.1.1 Descendants of Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany (1853–1884) * 2.1.1.1.2 Descendants of Victoria, Princess Royal later German Empress (1840–1901) * 2.1.1.1.3 Descendants of Princess Alice of the United Kingdom (1843–1878) * 2.1.1.1.4 Descendants of Princess Helena of the United Kingdom (1846–1923) * 2.1.1.1.5 Descendants of Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll (1848–1939) * 2.1.1.1.6 Descendants of Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom (1857–1944) # 2.1.1.2 Descendants of Ernest Augustus I of Hanover (1771–1851) # 2.1.1.3 Descendants of Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge (1774–1850) + 2.1.2 Descendants of Princess Augusta of Great Britain (1737–1813) + 2.1.3 Descendants of Caroline Matilda of Wales (1751–1775) + 2.1.4 Descendants of William V of Orange (1748–1806) + 2.1.5 Descendants of Princess Carolina of Orange-Nassau (1743–1787) # 2.1.5.1 Descendants of Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg (1797–1829) # 2.1.5.2 Descendants of Princess Wilhelmine Louise of Nassau-Weilburg # 2.1.5.3 Descendants of Princess Amalie of Nassau-Weilburg # 2.1.5.4 Descendants of Princess Henriette of Nassau-Weilburg + 2.1.6 Descendants of Princess Mary (1723–1772) + 2.1.7 Descendants of Princess Louise (1724–1751) o 2.2 Descendants of Sophia Dorothea of Hanover (1687–1757) + 2.2.1 Descendants of Frederick William II of Prussia (1744–1797) + 2.2.2 Descendants of Wilhelmina of Prussia (1751–1820) + 2.2.3 Descendants of Louis Ferdinand of Prussia (1772–1806) + 2.2.4 Descendants of August of Prussia (1779–1843) + 2.2.5 Descendants of Luise of Prussia (1770–1836) + 2.2.6 Descendants of Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick (1735–1806) + 2.2.7 Descendants of Duchess Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1739–1807) + 2.2.8 Descendants of Duchess Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1746–1840) + 2.2.9 Descendants of Dorothea of Brandenburg-Schwedt (1736–1798) + 2.2.10 Descendants of Luise of Brandenburg-Schwedt (1736–1798) + 2.2.11 Descendants of King Gustav III of Sweden (1746–1792) o 2.3 Descendants of Sophia Charlotte of Hanover (1668–1705) * 3 Consorts in the line of succession * 4 Other monarchs in the line of succession * 5 Other royal and princely houses in the line * 6 Former lines of succession to the throne * 7 Statistical tables * 8 References o 8.1 Footnotes * 9 See also Format of the list This list is sectioned roughly every other generation with some exceptions. Boldfaced explanations show how the people in the following block descend from the Electress Sophia of Hanover. Individuals who are descended from the Electress Sophia, but are excluded from the line of succession for various reasons are marked with an asterisk "*". Superscript letters are placed after a name to indicate the source of the name or the reason for exclusion from the line of succession. Names with superscript letter B are listed at The Official Web Site of the British Monarchy, "Succession". Names with superscript letter R are listed by William Addams Reitwiesner, "Persons Eligible to Succeed to the British Throne as of 1 Jan 2001". Names with superscript letter W are listed by Dan Willis, The Descendants of King George I of Great Britain (Baltimore: Clearfield, 2002) or in its online updates. Names with superscript letters XMP are excluded on account of marriage to a Roman Catholic (papist).[5] Names with superscript letters XP are excluded on account of being a Roman Catholic (papist).[5] Names with superscript letters XI are excluded in accordance with the general interpretation of English Common Law by which illegitimate children have no rights of succession to the British Crown. Illegitimate children whose parents later marry do not thereby gain any succession rights to the British Crown.[3] Line of succession Descendants of George II (1683–1760) 1. Current monarch: HM Queen Elizabeth II (born 1926) Sophia of Hanover → George I → George II → Frederick, Prince of Wales → George III → Prince Edward → Victoria → Edward VII → George V → George VI → Elizabeth II HRH The Prince of Wales, the Heir Apparent. 1. HRH The Prince of Wales B (The Prince Charles; b 1948), son of Queen Elizabeth II 2. HRH Prince William of Wales B (b 1982), son of The Prince of Wales 3. HRH Prince Henry of Wales B (b 1984), son of The Prince of Wales 4. HRH The Duke of York B (The Prince Andrew; b 1960), son of Queen Elizabeth II 5. HRH Princess Beatrice of York B (b 1988), daughter of The Duke of York 6. HRH Princess Eugenie of York B (b 1990), daughter of The Duke of York 7. HRH The Earl of Wessex B (The Prince Edward; b 1964), son of Queen Elizabeth II 8. James, Viscount Severn B (b 2007), son of The Earl of Wessex 9. Lady Louise Windsor B (b 2003), daughter of The Earl of Wessex 10. HRH The Princess Royal B (The Princess Anne; b 1950), daughter of Queen Elizabeth II 11. Peter Phillips B (b 1977), son of The Princess Royal 12. Zara Phillips B (b 1981), daughter of The Princess Royal Victoria → Edward VII → George V → George VI → Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon 13. David Armstrong-Jones, Viscount Linley B (b 1961), son of Princess Margaret 14. The Hon. Charles Armstrong-Jones B (b 1999), son of Viscount Linley 15. The Hon. Margarita Armstrong-Jones B (b 2002), daughter of Viscount Linley 16. Lady Sarah Chatto B (b 1964), daughter of Princess Margaret 17. Samuel Chatto B (b 1996), son of Lady Sarah Chatto 18. Arthur Chatto B (b 1999), son of Lady Sarah Chatto HRH The Duke of Gloucester Victoria → Edward VII → George V → Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester 19. HRH The Duke of Gloucester B (Prince Richard; b 1944), son of Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester 20. Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster B (Alexander Windsor, b 1974), son of the Duke of Gloucester 21. Xan Windsor, Lord Culloden B (Xan Windsor, b 2007), son of the Earl of Ulster 22. Lady Davina Lewis B (b 1977), daughter of the Duke of Gloucester 23. Lady Rose Gilman B (b 1980), daughter of the Duke of Gloucester Victoria → Edward VII → George V → Prince George, Duke of Kent 24. HRH The Duke of Kent B (Prince Edward; b 1935), son of Prince George, Duke of Kent * George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews R XMP (George Windsor, b 1962), son of the Duke of Kent * Edward Windsor, Lord Downpatrick R XP (Edward Windsor, b 1988), son of George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews * Lady Marina-Charlotte Windsor R XP (b 1992), daughter of George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews 25. Lady Amelia Windsor B (b 1995), daughter of George Windsor, Earl of St. Andrews * Lord Nicholas Windsor R XP (b 1970), son of the Duke of Kent * Albert Windsor W XP (b 2007), son of Lord Nicholas Windsor 26. Lady Helen Taylor B (b 1964), daughter of the Duke of Kent 27. Columbus Taylor B (b 1994), son of Lady Helen Taylor 28. Cassius Taylor B (b 1996), son of Lady Helen Taylor 29. Eloise Taylor B (b 2003), daughter of Lady Helen Taylor 30. Estella Taylor B (b 2004), daughter of Lady Helen Taylor * HRH Prince Michael of Kent XMP (b 1942), brother of the Duke of Kent 31. Lord Frederick Windsor B (b 1979), son of Prince Michael of Kent 32. Lady Gabriella Windsor B (b 1981), daughter of Prince Michael of Kent 33. HRH Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy B (b 1936), sister of the Duke of Kent 34. James Ogilvy B (b 1964), son of Princess Alexandra 35. Alexander Ogilvy B (b 1996), son of James Ogilvy 36. Flora Ogilvy B (b 1994), daughter of James Ogilvy 37. Marina Ogilvy B (b 1966), daughter of Princess Alexandra 38. Christian Mowatt B (b 1993), son of Marina Ogilvy 39. Zenouska Mowatt B (b 1990), daughter of Marina Ogilvy Victoria → Edward VII → George V → Mary, Princess Royal 40. The Earl of Harewood B (George Lascelles; b 1923), son of Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood 41. David Lascelles, Viscount Lascelles R (b 1950), son of the Earl of Harewood * the Hon. Benjamin Lascelles R XI (b 1978), legitimated son of Viscount Lascelles 42. The Hon. Alexander Lascelles R (b 1980), son of Viscount Lascelles 43. The Hon. Edward Lascelles R (b 1982), son of Viscount Lascelles * the Hon. Emily Shard R XI (b 1976), legitimated daughter of Viscount Lascelles, and her descendants 44. The Hon. James Lascelles R (b 1953), son of the Earl of Harewood 45. Rowan Lascelles R (b 1977), son of James Lascelles 46. Tewa Lascelles R (b 1985), son of James Lascelles 47. Sophie Lascelles R (b 1973), daughter of James Lascelles * Tanit Lascelles R XI (b 1981), legitimated daughter of The Hon. James Lascelles 48. The Hon. Jeremy Lascelles R (b 1955), son of the Earl of Harewood 49. Thomas Lascelles R (b 1982), son of Jeremy Lascelles 50. Ellen Lascelles R (b 1984), daughter of Jeremy Lascelles 51. Amy Lascelles R (b 1986), daughter of Jeremy Lascelles 52. Tallulah Grace Lascelles W (b 2005) daughter of Jeremy Lascelles * The Hon. Mark Lascelles R XI (b 1964), legitimated son of the Earl of Harewood, and his descendants 53. Henry Lascelles R (b 1953), nephew of the Earl of Harewood 54. Maximilian Lascelles R (b 1991), son of Henry Lascelles * Martin Lascelles R XI (b 1962), legitimated nephew of the Earl of Harewood, and his descendants The preceding are all descended from King George V Descendants in the line of Sophia of Hanover → George I → George II → Frederick, Prince of Wales → George III → Prince Edward → Victoria → Edward VII → Princess Louise. Victoria → Edward VII → Princess Louise → Princess Maud 55. The Duke of Fife R (James Carnegie; b 1929), son of Princess Maud, Countess of Southesk 56. David Carnegie, Earl of Southesk R (David Carnegie, b 1961), son of the Duke of Fife 57. Charles Carnegie, Lord Carnegie R (Charles Carnegie, b 1989), son of Lord Southesk 58. The Hon. George William Carnegie R (b 1991), son of Lord Southesk 59. The Hon. Hugh Alexander Carnegie R (b 1993), son of Lord Southesk 60. Lady Alexandra Etherington R (b 1959), daughter of the Duke of Fife 61. Amelia Etherington W (b 2001), daughter of Lady Alexandra Etherington Descendants in the line of Sophia of Hanover → George I → George II → Frederick, Prince of Wales → George III → Prince Edward → Victoria → Edward VII → Princess Maud. Victoria → Edward VII → Princess Maud → King Olav V of Norway HM King Harald V of Norway 62. HM The King of Norway R (Harald, b 1937), son of King Olav V of Norway 63. HRH The Crown Prince of Norway R (Haakon b 1973), son of the King of Norway 64. HH Prince Sverre Magnus of Norway W (b 2005), son of the Crown Prince of Norway 65. HRH Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway W (b 2004), daughter of the Crown Prince of Norway 66. HH Princess Märtha Louise of Norway R (b 1971), daughter of the King of Norway 67. Maud Angelica Behn W (b 2003), daughter of Princess Märtha Louise 68. Leah Isadora Behn W (b 2005), daughter of Princess Märtha Louise 69. Emma Tallulah Behn W (b 2008), daughter of Princess Märtha Louise 70. HH Princess Ragnhild, Mrs. Lorentzen R (b 1930), sister of the King of Norway * Haakon Lorentzen R XMP (b 1954), son of Princess Ragnhild, Mrs. Lorentzen 71. Olav Lorentzen R (b 1985), son of Haakon Lorentzen 72. Christian Lorentzen R (b 1988), son of Haakon Lorentzen 73. Sophia Lorentzen R (b 1994), daughter of Haakon Lorentzen * Ingeborg Ribeiro R XMP (b 1957), daughter of Princess Ragnhild, Mrs. Lorentzen 74. Victoria Ribeiro R (b 1988), daughter of Ingeborg Lorentzen * Ragnhild Long R XMP (b 1968), daughter of Princess Ragnhild, Mrs. Lorentzen * Alexandra Long W XP (b 2007), daughter of Ragnhild Long 75. HH Princess Astrid, Mrs. Ferner R (b 1932), sister of the King of Norway 76. Alexander Ferner R (b 1965), son of Princess Astrid, Mrs. Ferner * Edward Ferner R XI (b 1996), legitimated son of Alexander Ferner 77. Stella Ferner R (b 1998), daughter of Alexander Ferner 78. Carl-Christian Ferner R (b 1972), son of Princess Astrid, Mrs. Ferner 79. Cathrine Ferner Johansen R (b 1962), daughter of Princess Astrid, Mrs. Ferner 80. Sebastian Ferner Johansen R (b 1990), son of Cathrine Johansen 81. Madeleine Ferner Johansen R (b 1993), daughter of Cathrine Johansen 82. Benedikte Ferner R (b 1963), daughter of Princess Astrid, Mrs. Ferner 83. Elisabeth Ferner Beckman R (b 1969), daughter of Princess Astrid, Mrs. Ferner 84. Benjamin Ferner Beckman R (b 1999), son of Elisabeth Ferner Beckman The preceding are all descended from King Edward VII Descendants of Prince Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1844–1900) Descendants in the line of Sophia of Hanover → George I → George II → Frederick, Prince of Wales → George III → Prince Edward → Victoria → Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh → Princess Marie of Edinburgh. Victoria → Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh → Princess Marie of Edinburgh → King Carol II of Romania * Paul-Philippe Hohenzollern R[6] (b 1948), son of Carol Lambrino, son of King Carol II of Romania * Alexander Hohenzollern R (b 1961), brother of Paul-Philippe Hohenzollern * HM The King of Romania R XMP (b 1921), son of King Carol II of Romania 85. HRH Princess Margarita of Romania R (b 1949), daughter of King Michael of Romania 86. HRH Princess Elena of Romania R (b 1950), daughter of King Michael of Romania 87. Nicholas de Roumanie Medforth-Mills R (b 1985), son of Princess Elena of Romania 88. Karina de Roumanie Medforth-Mills R (b 1989), daughter of Princess Elena of Romania 89. HRH Princess Irina of Romania R (b 1953), daughter of King Michael of Romania 90. Michael de Roumanie Kreuger R (b 1985), son of Princess Irina of Romania 91. Angelica de Roumanie Kreuger R (b 1986), daughter of Princess Irina of Romania 92. HRH Princess Sofia of Romania R (b 1957), daughter of King Michael of Romania 93. Elisabeta-Maria de Laufenborg R (b 1999), daughter of Princess Sophie of Romania * Princess Maria of Romania R (b 1964), daughter of King Michael of Romania Victoria → Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh → Princess Marie of Edinburgh → Princess Maria of Romania * HRH The Crown Prince of Yugoslavia R (b 1945), grandson of Princess Maria of Romania through her son King Peter II of Yugoslavia 94. HRH The Hereditary Prince of Yugoslavia R (b 1980), son of Crown Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia 95. HRH Prince Philip of Yugoslavia R (b 1982), son of Crown Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia 96. HRH Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia R (b 1982), son of Crown Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia 97. HRH Prince Nikolas of Yugoslavia R (b 1958), grandson of Princess Maria of Romania through her son Prince Tomislav of Yugoslavia 98. HRH Princess Maria of Yugoslavia R (b 1993), daughter of Prince Nikolas of Yugoslavia 99. HRH Prince George of Yugoslavia R (b 1984), brother of Prince Nikolas of Yugoslavia 100. HRH Prince Michael of Yugoslavia R (b 1985), brother of Prince Nikolas of Yugoslavia 101. HRH Princess Katarina of Yugoslavia R (b 1959), sister of Prince Nikolas of Yugoslavia 102. Victoria de Silva R (b 1991), daughter of Princess Katarina of Yugoslavia 103. HRH Prince Karl Wladimir of Yugoslavia R (b 1964), grandson of Princess Maria of Romania through her son Prince Andrej of Yugoslavia 104. HRH Prince Dimitri of Yugoslavia R (b 1965), brother of Prince Karl Wladimir of Yugoslavia * Princess Lavinia of Yugoslavia R (b 1961), legitimated sister of Prince Karl Wladimir of Yugoslavia, and her descendants 105. Maria Tatiana Thune-Larsen R (b 1957), sister of Prince Karl Wladimir of Yugoslavia 106. Sonja Thune-Larsen R (b 1992), daughter of Maria Tatiana Thune-Larsen 107. Olga Thune-Larsen R (b 1995), daughter of Maria Tatiana Thune-Larsen Victoria → Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh → Princess Marie of Edinburgh → Princess Ileana of Romania * Count Christopher von Habsburg-Lothringen R XP (b 1957), grandson of Princess Ileana of Romania through her son Archduke Stefan of Austria * Count Stefan von Habsburg-Lothringen R XP (b 1990), son of Count Christopher von Habsburg-Lothringen * Countess Saygan von Habsburg-Lothringen R XP (b 1987), daughter of Count Christopher von Habsburg-Lothringen * Countess Maria Antonia von Habsburg-Lothringen R XP (b 1997), daughter of Count Christopher von Habsburg-Lothringen * Count Peter von Habsburg-Lothringen R XP (b 1959), brother of Count Christopher von Habsburg-Lothringen * Count Anton von Habsburg-Lothringen R XP (b 1964), brother of Count Christopher von Habsburg-Lothringen * Ileana Snyder R XP (b 1958), sister of Count Christopher von Habsburg-Lothringen 108. Nicholas Snyder R (b 1987), son of Ileana Snyder 109. Alexandra Snyder R (b 1984), daughter of Ileana Snyder 110. Constanza Snyder R (b 1994), daughter of Ileana Snyder * Constanza Bain R XP (b 1960), sister of Count Christopher von Habsburg-Lothringen * HI&RH Archduke Dominic of Austria R XP (b 1937), son of Princess Ileana of Romania * Count Sandor von Habsburg-Lothringen R XP (b 1965), son of Archduke Dominic of Austria * Count Constantin von Habsburg-Lothringen R XP (b 2000), son of Count Sandor von Habsburg-Lothringen * Count Gregor von Habsburg-Lothringen R XP (b 1968), son of Archduke Dominic of Austria * Countess Alexandra of Baillou R XP (b 1933), sister of Archduke Dominic of Austria * Baroness Maria Magdalena von Holzhausen R XP (b 1939), sister of Archduke Dominic of Austria * Baron Johann von Holzhausen R XP (b 1960), son of Baroness Maria Magdalena von Holzhausen * Baron Laurenz von Holzhausen W XP (b 2001), legitimized son of Baron Johann von Holzhausen * Baron Georg von Holzhausen R XP (b 1962), son of Baroness Maria Magdalena von Holzhausen * Baron Alexander von Holzhausen R XP (b 1994), son of Baron Georg von Holzhausen * Baron Tassilo von Holzhausen R XP (b 1997), son of Baron Georg von Holzhausen * Baron Clemens von Holzhausen W XP (b 2003), son of Baron Georg von Holzhausen * Alexandra Ferch R XP (b 1963), daughter of Baroness Maria Magdalena von Holzhausen * Ferdinand Ferch R XP (b 1986), son of Alexandra Ferch * Leopold Ferch R XP (b 1988), son of Alexandra Ferch * Benedikt Ferch R XP (b 1993), son of Alexandra Ferch * Elisabeth Ferch R XP (b 1995), daughter of Alexandra Ferch * Elisabeth Sandhofer R XP (b 1942), sister of Archduke Dominic of Austria * Anton Sandhofer R XP (b 1966), son of Elisabeth Sandhofer * Dominik Sandhofer R XP (b 1994), son of Anton Sandhofer * Margareta Lux R XP (b 1968), daughter of Elisabeth Sandhofer * Mauritio Lux R XP (b 1999), son of Margareta Lux * Dorian Lux W XP (b 2001), son of Margareta Lux * Andrea Zarbl R XP (b 1969), daughter of Elisabeth Sandhofer * Ferdinand Zarbl R XP (b 1996), son of Andrea Zarbl * Benedikt Zarbl R XP (b 1999), son of Andrea Zarbl * Elisabeth Sandhofer R XP (b 1971), daughter of Elisabeth Sandhofer (b 1942) Descendants in the line of Sophia of Hanover → George I → George II → Frederick, Prince of Wales → George III → Prince Edward → Victoria → Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh → Princess Victoria Melita of Edinburgh. Victoria → Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh → Princess Victoria Melita of Edinburgh → Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia 111. HIH The Grand Duchess of Russia R (b 1953), daughter of Vladimir Cyrillovich, Grand Duke of Russia 112. HI&RH Grand Duke George Mikhailovitch of Russia R (b 1981), son of Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia Victoria → Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh → Princess Victoria Melita of Edinburgh → Grand Duchess Maria Kirillovna of Russia * Prince Karl Emich of Leiningen R XMP (b 1952), grandson of Grand Duchess Maria Kirillovna of Russia 113. HSH Princess Cécilia of Leiningen R (b 1988), daughter of Prince Karl Emich of Leiningen 114. Theresa Prinzessin zu Leiningen R (b 1992), daughter of Prince Karl Emich of Leiningen 115. HSH The Prince of Leiningen R (Andreas, b 1955), brother of Prince Karl Emich of Leiningen 116. HSH The Hereditary Prince of Leiningen R (Ferdinand, b 1982), son of Prince Andreas of Leiningen 117. HSH Prince Hermann of Leiningen R (b 1987), son of Prince Andreas of Leiningen 118. HSH Princess Olga of Leiningen R (b 1984), daughter of Prince Andreas of Leiningen 119. HSH Princess Melita of Leiningen R (b 1951), sister of Prince Karl Emich of Leiningen 120. HSH Princess Stephanie of Leiningen R (b 1958), sister of Prince Karl Emich of Leiningen 121. HSH Prince Boris of Leiningen R (b 1960), first-cousin of Prince Andreas of Leiningen 122. HSH Prince Nicholas of Leiningen R (b 1991), son of Prince Boris of Leiningen 123. HSH Prince Karl Heinrich of Leiningen W (b 2001), son of Prince Boris of Leiningen 124. HSH Princess Juliana of Leiningen W (b 2003), daughter of Prince Boris of Leiningen 125. HSH Prince Hermann Friedrich of Leiningen R (b 1963), brother of Prince Boris of Leiningen 126. HSH Princess Tatiana of Leiningen R (b 1989), daughter of Prince Hermann of Leiningen 127. HSH Princess Nadia of Leiningen R (b 1991), daughter of Prince Hermann of Leiningen 128. HSH Princess Alexandra of Leiningen R (b 1997), daughter of Prince Hermann of Leiningen * the descendants of HSH Princess Kira Melita of Leiningen who are higher in line as descendants of her husband Prince Andrej of Yugoslavia * HSH Karl Friedrich, Hereditary Prince of Hohenzollern R XP (b 1952), first cousin of Prince Andreas of Leiningen * HSH Prince Alexander of Hohenzollern R XP (b 1987), son of the Hereditary Prince of Hohenzollern * HSH Princess Philippa of Hohenzollern R XP (b 1988), daughter of the Hereditary Prince of Hohenzollern * HSH Princess Flaminia of Hohenzollern R XP (b 1992), daughter of the Hereditary Prince of Hohenzollern * HSH Princess Antonia of Hohenzollern R XP (b 1995), daughter of the Hereditary Prince of Hohenzollern * HSH Prince Albrecht of Hohenzollern R XP (b 1954), brother of the Hereditary Prince of Hohenzollern * HSH Princess Josephine of Hohenzollern W XP (b 2002), daughter of Prince Albrecht of Hohenzollern * HRH Princess Eugenia of Hohenzollern W XP (b 2005), daughter of Prince Albrecht of Hohenzollern * HSH Prince Ferdinand of Hohenzollern R XP (b 1960), brother of the Hereditary Prince of Hohenzollern * HSH Prince Aloys of Hohenzollern R XP (b 1999), son of Prince Ferdinand of Hohenzollern * HSH Prince Fidelis of Hohenzollern W XP (b 2001), son of Prince Ferdinand of Hohenzollern * HSH Princess Victoria of Hohenzollern W XP (b 2004), daughter of Prince Ferdinand of Hohenzollern * Mechtilde Bauscher R XP (b 1936), aunt of the Hereditary Prince of Hohenzollern 129. Ulf-Karl Bauscher R (b 1963), son of Mechtilde Bauscher 130. Berthold Bauscher R (b 1965), son of Mechtilde Bauscher 131. Erik Bauscher R (b 1998), son of Berthold Bauscher 132. Lorenz Bauscher w (b 2002), son of Berthold Bauscher 133. Franka Bauscher R (b 1996), daughter of Berthold Bauscher 134. Johann Bauscher R (b 1968), son of Mechtilde Bauscher Victoria → Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh → Princess Victoria Melita of Edinburgh → Grand Duchess Kira Kirillovna of Russia 135. HRH Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia R (b 1939), son of Grand Duchess Kira Kirillovna of Russia 136. Philipp Prinz von Preußen R (b 1968), son of Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia 137. Paul Wilhelm Prinz von Preußen R (b 1995), son of Philipp Prinz von Preußen 138. Timotheus Friedrich Prinz von Preußen W (b 2005), son of Philipp Prinz von Preußen 139. Maria Luise Prinzessin von Preußen R (b 1997), daughter of Philipp Prinz von Preußen 140. Elisabeth Christine Prinzessin von Preußen R (b 1998), daughter of Philipp Prinz von Preußen 141. Anna Sophie Prinzessin von Preußen W (b 2001), daughter of Philipp Prinz von Preußen 142. Johanna Amalie Prinzessin von Preußen W (b 2002), daughter of Philipp Prinz von Preußen 143. Friedrich Wilhelm Prinz von Preußen R (b 1979), son of Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia 144. Joachim Albrecht Prinz von Preußen R (b 1984), son of Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia 145. Viktoria Luise Prinzessin von Preußen R (b 1982), daughter of Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia 146. HRH Prince Michael of Prussia R (b 1940), brother of Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia 147. Micaela Prinzessin von Preussen R (b, 1967), daughter of Prince Michael of Prussia 148. Maximilian Wessolly R (b 2000), son of Micaela Prinzessin von Preussen 149. Marie Charlotte Wessolly W (b 2001), daughter of Micaela Prinzessin von Preussen 150. Natally Prinzessin von Preussen R (b 1970), daughter of Prince Michael of Prussia 151. HI&RH The Prince of Prussia R (Georg Friedrich, b 1976), nephew of Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia 152. HRH Princess Cornelie-Cecile of Prussia R (b 1978), sister of Prince Georg Friedrich of Prussia 153. HRH Prince Christian-Sigismund of Prussia R (b 1946), brother of Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia 154. HRH Prince Christian Ludwig of Prussia R (b 1986), son of Prince Christian Sigismund of Prussia 155. HRH Princess Irina of Prussia R (b 1988), daughter of Prince Christian Sigismund of Prussia 156. HRH Princess Marie Cécile of Prussia R (b 1942), sister of Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia * HH Duke Paul Wladimir of Oldenburg R XMP (b 1969), son of Princess Marie Cécile of Prussia * HH Duke Kirill of Oldenburg W XP (b 2002), son of Duke Paul Wladimir of Oldenburg * HH Duke Carlos of Oldenburg W XP (b 2004), son of Duke Paul Wladimir of Oldenburg * HH Duke Paul of Oldenburg W XP (b 2005), son of Duke Paul Wladimir of Oldenburg * HH Duchess Maria Assunta of Oldenburg W XP (b 2007), daughter of Duke Paul Wladimir of Oldenburg 157. HH Duchess Rixa of Oldenburg R (b 1970), daughter of Princess Marie Cécile of Prussia 158. Bibiane Dorner R (b 1974), daughter of Princess Marie Cécile of Prussia 159. Xenia Dorner, daughter of Bibiane Dorner 160. Rixa Dorner (b 2008), daughter of Bibiane Dorner 161. Kira-Marina Liepsner R (b 1977), niece of Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia * Luise von Bismarck W XI (b 2002), legitimated daughter of Kira-Marina Liepsner 162. Sophie von Bismarck W (b 2005), daughter of Kira-Marina Liepsner 163. Patrick Lithander R (b 1973), nephew of Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia 164. Pius Lithander W (b 2005), son of Patrick Lithander 165. Hugo Lithander W (b 2007), son of Patrick Lithander 166. Wilhelm Lithander R (b 1974), brother of Patrick Lithander Descendants in the line of Sophia of Hanover → George I → George II → Frederick, Prince of Wales → George III → Prince Edward → Victoria → Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh → Princess Alexandra of Edinburgh. Victoria → Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh → Princess Alexandra of Edinburgh → Gottfried, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg 167. HSH The Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (Philip, b 1970), grandson of Gottfried, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg 168. HSH The Hereditary Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (Max Leopold, b 2005), son of the Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg 169. HSH Prince Gustav of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (b 2007), son of the Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg * HSH Princess Cecile of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Countess Cyril de Commarque (b 1967), sister of the Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg 170. Princess Xenia of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (b 1972), sister of the Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg 171. Ferdinand Soltmann (b 2005), son of Princess Xenia of Hohenlohe-Langenburg 172. Louisa Soltmann (b 2008), daughter of Princess Xenia of Hohenlohe-Langenburg[7] 173. HSH Prince Andreas of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (b 1938), son of Gottfried, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg 174. HSH Princess Katharina of Waldeck and Pyrmont (b 1972), daughter of Prince Andreas of Hohenlohe-Langenburg 175. HSH Princess Laetitia of Waldeck and Pyrmont (b 2003), daughter of Princess Katharina of Waldeck and Pyrmont 176. HSH Princess Alexia of Waldeck and Pyrmont (b 2006), daughter of Princess Katharina of Waldeck und Pyrmont 177. HSH Princess Tatiana-Louise of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (b 1975), daughter of Prince Andreas of Hohenlohe-Langenburg 178. HSH Prince Ludwig of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (b 1976), nephew of Prince Andreas of Hohenlohe-Langenburg Victoria → Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh → Princess Alexandra of Edinburgh → Princess Marie Melita of Hohenlohe-Langenburg → Peter, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg 179. HH The Prince of Schleswig-Holstein (Christoph, b 1949), son of Peter, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg 180. HH The Hereditary Prince of Schleswig-Holstein (Friedrich Ferdinand, b 1985), son of the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg 181. HH Prince Constantin of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (b 1986), son of the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg 182. HH Prince Leopold of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (b 1991), son of the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg 183. HH Princess Sophie of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (b 1983), daughter of the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg 184. HH Prince Alexander of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (b 1953), brother of the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg 185. HH Prince Julian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (b 1997), son of Prince Alexander of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg 186. HH Princess Helena of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (b 1995), daughter of Prince Alexander of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg 187. Baroness Marita von Plotho (b 1948), sister of the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg 188. Baron Christoph von Plotho (b 1976), son of Baroness Marita von Plotho 189. Baroness Irina von Plotho (b 1978), daughter of Baroness Marita von Plotho 190. HH Princess Ingeborg of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (b 1956), sister of the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg 191. Alexis Broschek (b 1995), son of Princess Ingeborg of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg Descendants in the line of Sophia of Hanover → George I → George II → Frederick, Prince of Wales → George III → Prince Edward → Victoria → Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh → Princess Beatrice of Edinburgh. Victoria → Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh → Princess Beatrice of Edinburgh → Alvaro d'Orléans * Don Alfonso d'Orléans y Ferrara Pignatelli, Duke of Galliera (b 1968), grandson of Don Alvaro d'Orléans, 4th Duke of Galliera * Don Alonso d'Orléans y Goeders (b 1994), son of the Duke of Galliera * Don Alvaro d'Orléans y Ferrara Pignatelli (b 1969), brother of the Duke of Galliera * Don Alvaro d'Orléans y Parodi Delfino (b 1947), uncle of the Duke of Galliera * Don Andrea d'Orléans (b 1976), son of Don Alvaro d'Orléans * Don Alois d'Orléans (b 1979), son of Don Alvaro d'Orléans * Doña Maria del Pilar d'Orléans (b 1975), daughter of Don Alvaro d'Orléans * Doña Gerarda d'Orléans y Parodi Delfino (b 1939), sister of Don Alvaro d'Orléans y Parodi Delfino * Marco Saint (b 1969), son of Doña Gerarda d'Orléans * Carla Saint (b 1967), daughter of Doña Gerarda d'Orléans * Don Nicolas de Haro y Saint (b 2001), legitimated son of Carla Saint * Doña Sofia de Haro y Saint (b 2004), daughter of Carla Saint * Doña Beatriz d'Orléans y Parodi Delfino (b 1943), sister of Don Alvaro d'Orléans y Parodi Delfino * Gerardo Farini (b 1967), son of Doña Beatriz d'Orléans y Parodi Delfino * Doña Elena Farini (b 1969), daughter of Doña Beatriz d'Orléans y Parodi Delfino * Don Tomas de Haro y Farini (b 2003), son of Doña Elena Farini * Doña Claudia de Haro y Farini (b 2000), daughter of Doña Elena Farini Descendants of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught (1850–1942) Descendants in the line of Sophia of Hanover → George I → George II → Frederick, Prince of Wales → George III → Prince Edward → Victoria → Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught → Princess Margaret of Connaught. Victoria → Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught → Princess Margaret of Connaught King Carl XVI Gustaf 192. HM The King of Sweden (Carl XVI Gustaf, b 1946), grandson of Princess Margaret of Connaught through her son Prince Gustav Adolf of Sweden 193. HRH The Duke of Värmland (Carl Philip, b 1979), son of the King of Sweden 194. HRH The Crown Princess of Sweden, Duchess of Västergötland (Victoria, b 1977), daughter of the King of Sweden 195. HRH The Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland (Madeleine, b 1982), daughter of the King of Sweden 196. Princess Margaretha, Mrs. Ambler (b 1934), sister of the King of Sweden 197. Charles Edward Ambler (b 1966), son of Princess Margaretha, Mrs. Ambler 198. Sienna Rose Ambler (b 2000), daughter of Charles Ambler 199. India Tani Ambler (b 2003), daughter of Charles Ambler 200. James Patrick Ambler (b 1969), son of Princess Margaretha, Mrs. Ambler 201. Oscar Rufus Ambler (b 2004), son of James Ambler 202. Lily Ambler (b 2003), daughter of James Ambler 203. Baroness Sybilla von Dincklage (b 1965), daughter of Princess Margaretha, Mrs. Ambler 204. Baron Sebastian von Dincklage (b 2000), son of Baroness Sybilla von Dincklage 205. Baroness Madeleine von Dincklage (b 1999), daughter of Baroness Sybilla von Dincklage * HRH Princess Birgitta of Sweden, Princess Johann Georg of Hohenzollern (b 1937), sister of the King of Sweden * HSH Prince Carl Christian of Hohenzollern (b 1962), son of Princess Birgitta of Sweden * HSH Prince Nicolas of Hohenzollern (b 1999), son of Prince Carl Christian of Hohenzollern * HSH Prince Hubertus of Hohenzollern (b 1966), son of Princess Birgitta of Sweden * HSH Princess Désirée of Hohenzollern (b 1963), daughter of Princess Birgitta of Sweden * HIllH Carl-Theodor, Hereditary Count of Ortenburg (b 1992), son of Princess Désirée of Hohenzollern * HIllH Count Frederik of Ortenburg (b 1995), son of Princess Désirée of Hohenzollern * HIllH Countess Carolina of Ortenburg (b 1997), daughter of Princess Désirée of Hohenzollern 206. Princess Désirée, Baroness Silfverschiöld (b 1938), sister of the King of Sweden 207. Baron Carl Silfverschiöld (b 1965), son of Princess Désirée, Baroness Silfverschiöld 208. Baroness Anna Margareta Silfverschiöld (b 2006), daughter of Baron Carl Silfverschiöld 209. Baroness Christina Louise de Geer af FinspÃ¥ng (b 1966), daughter of Princess Désirée, Baroness Silfverschiöld 210. Baron Ian de Geer af FinspÃ¥ng (b 2002), son of Christina Louise de Geer af FinspÃ¥ng 211. Baron Fred de Geer af FinspÃ¥ng (b 2004), son of Christina Louise de Geer af FinspÃ¥ng 212. Baroness Estelle de Geer af FinspÃ¥ng (b 2000), daughter of Christina Louise de Geer af FinspÃ¥ng 213. Baroness Hélène Silfverschiöld (b 1968), daughter of Princess Désirée, Baroness Silfverschiöld 214. Princess Christina, Mrs. Magnuson (b 1943), sister of the King of Sweden 215. Gustaf Magnuson (b 1975), son of Princess Christina, Mrs. Magnuson 216. Oscar Magnuson (b 1977), son of Princess Christina, Mrs. Magnuson 217. Viktor Magnuson (b 1980), son of Princess Christina, Mrs. Magnuson 218. Count Michael Bernadotte (b 1944), grandson of Princess Margaret of Connaught through her second son Prince Sigvard of Sweden 219. Countess Kajsa Bernadotte (b 1980), daughter of Count Michael Bernadotte 220. Count Carl Johan Bernadotte (b 1916), son of Princess Margaret of Connaught Queen Margrethe 221. HM The Queen of Denmark (Margrethe, b 1940), granddaughter of Princess Margaret of Connaught through her daughter Princess Ingrid of Sweden 222. HRH The Crown Prince of Denmark (Frederik, b 1968), son of the Queen of Denmark 223. HRH Prince Christian of Denmark (b 2005), son of the Crown Prince of Denmark 224. HRH Princess Isabella of Denmark (b 2007), daughter of the Crown Prince of Denmark 225. HRH Prince Joachim of Denmark (b 1969), son of the Queen of Denmark 226. HH Prince Nikolai of Denmark (b 1999), son of Prince Joachim of Denmark 227. HH Prince Felix of Denmark (b 2002), son of Prince Joachim of Denmark 228. HH Prince Henrik of Denmark (b 2009), son of Prince Joachim of Denmark 229. HRH Princess Benedikte of Denmark, Princess of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg (b 1944), sister of the Queen of Denmark 230. HSH The Hereditary Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg (Gustav, b 1969), son of Princess Benedikte of Denmark 231. Countess Alexandra of Pfeil and Klein-Ellguth (b 1970), daughter of Princess Benedikte of Denmark 232. Count Richard von Pfeil und Klein-Ellguth (b 1999), son of Princess Alexandra 233. Countess Ingrid von Pfeil und Klein-Ellguth, (b 2003), daughter of Princess Alexandra 234. HSH Princess Nathalie of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg (b 1975), daughter of Princess Benedikte of Denmark 235. HM The Queen of the Hellenes (Anne-Marie, b 1946), sister of the Queen of Denmark 236. HRH The Crown Prince of Greece (b 1967), son of Queen Anne-Marie of Greece 237. HRH Prince Constantine Alexios of Greece and Denmark (b 1998), son of Crown Prince Pavlos of Greece 238. HRH Prince Achileas-Andreas of Greece and Denmark (b 2000), son of Crown Prince Pavlos of Greece 239. HRH Prince Odysseas-Kimon of Greece and Denmark (b 2004), son of Crown Prince Pavlos of Greece 240. HRH Prince Aristide Stavros of Greece and Denmark (b 2008), son of Crown Prince Pavlos of Greece 241. HRH Princess Maria-Olympia of Greece and Denmark (b 1996), daughter of Crown Prince Pavlos of Greece 242. HRH Prince Nikolaos of Greece and Denmark (b 1969), son of Queen Anne-Marie of Greece 243. HRH Prince Philippos of Greece and Denmark (b 1986), son of Queen Anne-Marie of Greece * Princess Alexia of Greece and Denmark (b 1965), daughter of Queen Anne-Marie of Greece 244. Carlos Morales y de Grecia (b 2005), son of Princess Alexia of Greece 245. Arrietta Morales y de Grecia (b 2002), daughter of Princess Alexia of Greece 246. Ana-Maria Morales y de Grecia (b 2003), daughter of Princess Alexia of Greece 247. Amelia Morales y de Grecia (b 2007), daughter of Princess Alexia of Greece 248. HRH Princess Theodora of Greece and Denmark (b 1983), daughter of Queen Anne-Marie of Greece Descendants in the line of Sophia of Hanover → George I → George II → Frederick, Prince of Wales → George III → Prince Edward → Victoria → Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught → Princess Patricia of Connaught. Victoria → Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught → Princess Patricia of Connaught → Alexander Ramsay of Mar 249. The Hon. Katharine Fraser (b 1957), daughter of Alexander Ramsay of Mar 250. Alexander Fraser (b 1990), son of Katharine Fraser 251. Louise Nicolson of Mar (b 1984), daughter of Katharine Fraser 252. Juliet Nicolson of Mar (b 1988), daughter of Katharine Fraser 253. The Hon. Alice Ramsey of Mar (b 1961), sister of Katharine Fraser 254. Alexander David Ramsey of Mar (b 1991), son of Alice Ramsey 255. George Ramsey of Mar (b 1995), son of Alice Ramsey 256. Oliver Ramsey of Mar (b 1995), son of Alice Ramsey 257. Victoria Ramsey of Mar (b 1994), daughter of Alice Ramsey 258. The Hon. Elizabeth Ramsay of Mar (b 1963), sister of Katharine Fraser Descendants of Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany (1853–1884) Descendants in the line of Sophia of Hanover → George I → George II → Frederick, Prince of Wales → George III → Prince Edward → Victoria → Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany → Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Victoria → Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany → Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 259. Hubertus Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 1961), great-grandson of Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 260. Sebastian Hubertus Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 1994), son of Hubertus Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha 261. Ernst Josias Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 1965), brother of Hubertus Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha 262. Sophie Alexandra Prinzessin von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 2000), daughter of Ernst Josias Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha 263. Carl Eduard Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 1966), brother of Hubertus Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha 264. Emilia Prinzessin von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 1999), daughter of Carl Eduard Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha 265. Johanna Prinzessin von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 2004), daughter of Carl Eduard Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha 266. Friedrich Ferdinand Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 1968), brother of Hubertus Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha * Nicolaus Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 1987), legitimated son of Friedrich Ferdinand Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha 267. Victoria Prinzessin von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 1963), sister of Hubertus Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha 268. Falk Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 1990), son of Victoria 269. Alice-Sibylla Prinzessin von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 1974), sister of Hubertus Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha * Matthias Reiser (b 1999), legitimated son of Alice-Sibylla Prinzessin von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha * Carolin Reiser (b 2000), legitimated daughter of Alice-Sibylla Prinzessin von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha 270. Peter Albert Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 1939), uncle of Hubertus Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha 271. Peter Karl Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 1965), son of Peter Albert Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha * Malte Alexander Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 1990), legitimated son of Peter Karl Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha 272. Malte Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 1966), son of Peter Albert Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha 273. Caroline Nielsen (b 1933), sister of Peter Albert Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha 274. Margarete Güttler (b 1954), daughter of Caroline Nielsen 275. Grischa-Alexander Güttler (b 1994), son of Margarete Güttler 276. Diana-Kyra Güttler (b 1992), daughter of Margarete Güttler 277. Renate Bracker (b 1957), daughter of Caroline Nielsen 278. HH The Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Andreas, b 1943), grandson of Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 279. HH The Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Hubertus, b 1975), son of Prince Andreas of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 280. HH Prince Alexander of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (b 1977), son of Prince Andreas of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 281. HH Princess Stephanie of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (b 1972), daughter of Prince Andreas of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 282. HH Prince Adrian of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (b 1955), brother of Prince Andreas of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 283. Simon Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 1985), son of Prince Adrian of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 284. Daniel Prinz von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (b 1988), son of Prince Adrian of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha * Maria Claudia Schäfer (b 1949), sister of Prince Andreas of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha * Christina Martens (b 1972), daughter of Maria Claudia Schäfer * Gian Martens (b 2001), son of Christina Martens * Louis Martens (b 2006), son of Christina Martens[8] * Aimée Martens (b 2003), daughter of Christina Martens * Gianetta Schäfer (b 1974), daughter of Maria Claudia Schäfer 285. HH Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Meiningen (b 1951), sister of Prince Andreas of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 286. HH Friedrich Constantine, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen (b 1980), son of Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Meiningen 287. HH Princess Marie Alexandra of Saxe-Meiningen (b 1978), daughter of Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Meiningen * the descendants of Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha who are higher in line as descendants of her husband, Prince Gustav Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten 288. HIllH Count Bertram of Castell-Rüdenhausen (b 1932), grandson of Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 289. HIllH Count Dominik of Castell-Rüdenhausen (b 1965), son of Count Bertram of Castell-Rüdenhausen 290. HIllH Count Michael of Castell-Rüdenhausen (b 1967), son of Count Bertram of Castell-Rüdenhausen 291. HIllH Count Conradin of Castell-Rüdenhausen (b 1934), brother of Count Bertram of Castell-Rüdenhausen 292. HIllH Count Carl-Eduard of Castell-Rüdenhausen (b 1964), son of Count Conradin of Castell-Rüdenhausen 293. HIllH Count Markus of Castell-Rüdenhausen (b 2004), son of Count Carl-Eduard of Castell-Rüdenhausen 294. HIllH Countess Sarah of Castell-Rüdenhausen (b 1999), daughter of Count Carl-Eduard of Castell-Rüdenhausen 295. Anne-Charlotte Rappu (b 1962), daughter of Count Conradin of Castell-Rüdenhausen 296. Patrick Rappu (b 1987), son of Anne-Charlotte Rappu 297. Richard Rappu (b 1989), son of Anne-Charlotte Rappu 298. Fredrik Rappu (b 1990), son of Anne-Charlotte Rappu 299. Victoria Huntington-Whiteley (b 1935), sister of Count Bertram of Castell-Rüdenhausen 300. Leopold Huntington-Whiteley (b 1965), son of Victoria Huntington-Whiteley 301. Alice Sewell (b 1961), daughter of Victoria Huntington-Whiteley 302. Henry Sewell (b 1988), son of Alice Sewell 303. Benjamin Sewell (b 1990), son of Alice Sewell * Beatrice Grant (b 1962), daughter of Victoria Huntington-Whiteley 304. Frederick Grant (b 1999), son of Beatrice Grant 305. Ludovic Grant (b 2002), son of Beatrice Grant 306. Calma Cook (b 1938), sister of Bertram * Sascha Berger (b 1960), legitimated son of Calma Cook 307. Richard Darrel Berger (b 1962), son of Calma Cook 308. Richard Jonathan Ross Berger (b 1984), son of Richard Darrel Berger 309. Rachel Berger (b 2000), daughter of Richard Darrel Berger 310. Riley Berger (b 2001), daughter of Richard Darrel Berger 311. Victor Berger (b 1964), son of Calma Cook * Mary Berger (b 1985), legitimated daughter of Victor Berger 312. Samuel Clinton Berger (b 1965), son of Calma Cook 313. Wesley Berger (b 1967), son of Calma Cook 314. Maximilian Berger (b 2001), son of Wesley Berger 315. David Cook (b 1968), son of Calma Cook 316. Dagmar Schäl (b 1940), sister of Bertram, Conradin 317. Maria-Valeska Walz (b 1965), daughter of Dagmar Schäl 318. Larissa Evagellatos (b 1968), daughter of Dagmar Schäl 319. Amelia Evagellatos (b 2002), daughter of Larissa Evagellatos Descendants in the line of Sophia of Hanover → George I → George II → Frederick, Prince of Wales → George III → Prince Edward → Victoria → Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany → Princess Alice of Albany. Victoria → Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany → Princess Alice of Albany → Lady May Abel Smith 320. Katherine Beaumont (b 1961), granddaughter of Lady May Abel Smith 321. George Beaumont (b 1985), son of Katherine Beaumont 322. Richard Beaumont (b 1989), son of Katherine Beaumont 323. Michael Beaumont (b 1991), son of Katherine Beaumont 324. Amelia Murray (b 1983), daughter of Katherine Beaumont 325. Anne Liddell-Grainger (b 1930), aunt of Katherine Beaumont 326. Ian Liddell-Grainger (b 1959), son of Anne Liddell-Grainger 327. Peter Liddell-Grainger (b 1987), son of Ian Liddell-Grainger 328. Sophie Liddell-Grainger (b 1988), daughter of Ian Liddell-Grainger 329. May Liddell-Grainger (b 1992), daughter of Ian Liddell-Grainger 330. Charles Liddell-Grainger (b 1960), son of Anne Liddell-Grainger 331. Simon Rupert Liddell-Grainger (b 1963), son of Anne Liddell-Grainger 332. Simon Alexander Liddell-Grainger (b 2000), son of Simon Rupert Liddell-Grainger 333. Matthew Liddell-Grainger (b 2003), son of Simon Rupert Liddell-Grainger 334. Malcolm Liddell-Grainger (b 1967), son of Anne Liddell-Grainger 335. Cameron Liddell-Grainger (b 1997), son of Malcolm Liddell-Grainger * Alice Panaggio (b 1965), daughter of Anne Liddell-Grainger * Danilo Panaggio (b 1996), son of Alice Liddell-Granger * Jessica Panaggio (b 1998), daughter of Alice Liddell-Granger 336. Elizabeth Wise (b 1936), sister of Anne Liddell-Grainger Descendants of Victoria, Princess Royal later German Empress (1840–1901) Descendants in the line of Sophia of Hanover → George I → George II → Frederick, Prince of Wales → George III → Prince Edward → Victoria → Victoria, Princess Royal → William II, German Emperor. Victoria → Victoria, Princess Royal → William II, German Emperor → Wilhelm, German Crown Prince 337. Hubertus von der Osten (b 1964), great-grandson of William, German Crown Prince 338. Friederike von Reiche (b 1959), sister of Hubertus von der Osten 339. Felicitas von Reiche (b 1986), daughter of Friederike von Reiche 340. Victoria von Reiche (b 1989), daughter of Friederike von Reiche 341. Donata von Reiche (b 1992), daughter of Friederike von Reiche 342. Cecilie Marxen (b 1967), sister of Hubertus von der Osten 343. Julius Marxen (b 1998), son of Cecilie Marxen 344. Victor Marxen (b 2002), son of Cecilie Marxen 345. Baroness Diana von der Goltz (b 1974), sister of Hubertus von der Osten * Christa Liebes (b 1936), granddaughter of William, German Crown Prince through his son Prince Wilhelm of Prussia * the descendants of Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia who are higher in line as descendants of his wife Grand Duchess Kira Kirillovna of Russia * Princess Anastasia of Prussia, Princess of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg (b 1944), granddaughter of Wilhelm, German Crown Prince through his son Prince Hubertus of Prussia * HSH Carl Friedrich, Hereditary Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg (b 1966), son of Princess Anastasia * HSH Prince Nicodemus of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg (b 2001), son of Prince Carl Friedrich * HSH Prince Laurentius of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg (b 2006), son of Prince Carl Friedrich * HSH Princess Augustina of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg (b 1999), daughter of Prince Carl Friedrich * HSH Princess Kiliana of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg (b 2008), daughter of Prince Carl Friedrich * HSH Prince Hubertus of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg (b 1968), son of Princess Anastasia * HSH Prince Dominik-Wilhelm of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg (b 1983), son of Princess Anastasia * HSH Princess Christina Maria of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg (b 1974), daughter of Princess Anastasia * Antonius Gisilot von Rohr (b 2003), son of Princess Christina Maria * Konstantin von Rohr (b 2007), son of Princess Christina Maria * Sylvia von Rohr (b 2008), daughter of Princess Christina Maria * Cecilia von Rohr (b 2008), daughter of Princess Christina Maria 346. HRH Prince Frederick Nicholas of Prussia (b 1946), grandson of Wilhelm, German Crown Prince through his son Prince Friedrich of Prussia 347. Frederick Nicholas Stormont Prinz von Preussen (b 1990), son of Prince Frederick Nicholas of Prussia 348. Beatrice Prinzessin von Preussen (b 1981), daughter of Prince Frederick Nicholas of Prussia 349. Florence Prinzessin von Preussen (b 1983), daughter of Prince Frederick Nicholas of Prussia 350. Augusta Prinzessin von Preussen (b 1986), daughter of Prince Frederick Nicholas of Prussia 351. HRH Prince Wilhelm Andreas of Prussia (b 1947), brother of Prince Frederick Nicholas of Prussia 352. Frederick Alexander Prinz von Preussen (b 1984), son of Prince Wilhelm Andreas of Prussia 353. Tatiana Prinzessin von Preussen (b 1980), daughter of Prince Wilhelm Andreas of Prussia 354. HRH Prince Rupert of Prussia (b 1955), brother of Prince Frederick Nicholas of Prussia 355. Brigid Prinzessin von Preussen (b 1983), daughter of Prince Rupert 356. Astrid Prinzessin von Preussen (b 1985), daughter of Prince Rupert 357. HRH Princess Victoria Marina Cecilie of Prussia (b 1952), sister of Prince Frederick Nicholas of Prussia 358. George Achache (b 1980), son of Princess Victoria Marina of Prussia 359. Francis Achache (b 1982), son of Princess Victoria Marina of Prussia 360. HRH Princess Antonia of Prussia, Marchioness of Douro (b 1955), sister of Prince Frederick Nicholas of Prussia 361. Arthur Wellesley, Earl of Mornington (b 1978), son of Lady Douro 362. Lord Frederick Wellesley (b 1992), son of Lady Douro 363. Lady Honor Montagu (b 1971), daughter of Lady Douro 364. Walter Frederick Montagu (b 2005), son of Lady Honor Montagu 365. Nancy Montagu (b 2007), daughter of Lady Honor Montagu 366. Lady Mary Wellesley (b 1986), daughter of Lady Douro 367. Lady Charlotte Wellesley (b 1990), daughter of Lady Douro 368. Kira Harris (b 1954), granddaughter of Wilhelm, German Crown Prince through his daughter Princess Cecilie of Prussia 369. Philip Louis Johnson (b 1985), son of Kira Harris Victoria → Victoria, Princess Royal → William II, German Emperor → Prince Adalbert of Prussia 370. HRH Prince Adalbert of Prussia (b 1948), grandson of Prince Adalbert of Prussia 371. Alexander Prinz von Preussen (b 1984), son of Prince Adalbert of Prussia 372. Christian Prinz von Preussen (b 1986), son of Prince Adalbert of Prussia 373. Philipp Prinz von Preussen (b 1986), son of Prince Adalbert of Prussia * HRH Princess Marie Luise of Prussia, Countess Rudolf of Schönburg-Glauchau (b 1945), sister of Prince Adalbert of Prussia * Count Friedrich of Schönburg-Glauchau (b 1985), son of Princess Marie Luise of Prussia * Countess Sophie of Schönburg-Glauchau (b 1979), daughter of Princess Marie Luise of Prussia 374. Berengar Patterson (b 1948), grandson of Prince Adalbert of Prussia 375. Marina Engel (b 1948), sister of Berengar Patterson 376. William Engel (b 1983), son of Marina Engel 377. Dohna Pearl (b 1954), sister of Berengar Patterson Victoria → Victoria, Princess Royal → William II, German Emperor → Prince August Wilhelm of Prussia → Prince Alexander of Prussia → Stephan Prinz von Preussen 378. Stephanie Bao (b 1966), daughter of Stephan Prinz von Preussen 379. Aaron Bao (b 1994), son of Stephanie Bao 380. Amir Bao (b 1998), son of Stephanie Bao 381. Shoshana Bao (b 1996), daughter of Stephanie Bao 382. Seraphine Bao (b 2002), daughter of Stephanie Bao Victoria → Victoria, Princess Royal → William II, German Emperor → Prince Oskar of Prussia 383. HRH Prince Wilhelm Karl of Prussia (b 1955), grandson of Prince Oskar of Prussia 384. HRH Prince Oskar Hans of Prussia (b 1959), brother of Prince Wilhelm Karl of Prussia 385. Oskar Julius Prinz von Preussen (b 1993), son of Prince Oskar Hans of Prussia 386. Albert Prinz von Preussen (b 1998), son of Prince Oskar Hans of Prussia 387. Wilhelmine Prinzessin von Preussen (b 1995), daughter of Prince Oskar Hans of Prussia 388. HRH Princess Donata of Prussia (b 1952), sister of Prince Wilhelm Karl Oskar of Prussia 389. HSH Prince Ernst-Johann Biron of Courland (b 1940), grandson of Prince Oskar of Prussia 390. HSH Prince Michael Biron of Courland (b 1944), brother of Prince Ernst Johann Biron of Courland 391. HSH Prince Alexander Biron of Courland (b 1972), son of Prince Michael Biron of Courland 392. HSH Princess Veronika Biron of Courland (b 1970), daughter of Prince Michael Biron of Courland 393. HSH Princess Stephanie Biron of Courland (b 1975), daughter of Prince Michael Biron of Courland 394. HSH Princess Victoria Biron of Courland (b 1939), sister of Prince Ernst Johan Biron of Courland 395. Baron Nikolaus von Twickel (b 1969), son of Princess Victoria Biron of Courland 396. Baron Constantin von Twickel (b 2002), son of Baron Nikolaus von Twickel 397. Baroness Benedikta von Twickel (b 2005), daughter of Baron Nikolaus von Twickel 398. Baron Tassilo von Twickel (b 1976), son of Princess Victoria Biron of Courland Victoria → Victoria, Princess Royal → William II, German Emperor → Prince Joachim of Prussia 399. HRH Prince Franz Wilhelm of Prussia (b 1943), grandson of Prince Joachim of Prussia * the descendants of Prince Franz Wilhelm of Prussia who are higher in line as descendants of his wife Maria Vladimirovna, Grand Duchess of Russia 400. HRH Prince Franz Friedrich of Prussia (b 1944), brother of Prince Franz Wilhelm of Prussia * Christine Kempkes (b 1968), legitimated daughter of Prince Franz Friedrich of Prussia * Alexandra Reboa (b 1960), sister of Prince Franz Friedrich of Prussia * Alberto Reboa von Preussen (b 1994), legitimated son of Alexandra Reboa * Alexandra Augusta Reboa von Preussen (b 1995), legitimated daughter of Alexandra Reboa * Désirée Gamarra (b 1961), sister of Prince Franz Friedrich of Prussia * Juan Francisco Gamarra y von Preussen (b 1987), son of Désirée Gamarra * Inés Désirée Gamarra y von Preussen (b 1989), daughter of Désirée Gamarra Victoria → Victoria, Princess Royal → William II, German Emperor → Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia * The Prince of Hanover (Ernst Augustus, b 1954), grandson of Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia 401. HRH Prince Ernst August of Hanover (b 1983), son of Ernst August V, Prince of Hanover 402. HRH Prince Christian of Hanover (b 1985), son of Ernst August V, Prince of Hanover 403. HRH Princess Alexandra of Hanover (b 1999), daughter of Ernst August V, Prince of Hanover 404. HRH Prince Otto Heinrich of Hanover (b 1988), son of Prince Ludwig Rudolph of Hanover 405. HRH Prince Heinrich Julius of Hanover (b 1961), brother of Ernst August V, Prince of Hanover 406. HRH Prince Albert of Hanover (b 1999), son of Prince Heinrich Julius of Hanover 407. HRH Prince Julius of Hanover (b 2006), son of Prince Heinrich Julius of Hanover 408. HRH Princess Eugenia of Hanover (b 2001), daughter of Prince Heinrich Julius of Hanover 409. HRH Princess Marie of Hanover (b 1952), sister of Ernst August V, Prince of Hanover 410. Count Conrad von Hochberg (b 1985), son of Princess Marie of Hanover 411. Count Georg von Hochberg (b 1987), son of Princess Marie of Hanover 412. HRH Princess Olga of Hanover (b 1958), sister of Ernst August V, Prince of Hanover 413. HRH The Princess of Leiningen (b 1959), sister of Ernst August V, Prince of Hanover * the descendants of the Princess of Leiningen who are higher in line as descendants of her husband Andreas, 8th Prince of Leiningen 414. HRH Princess Saskia, Mrs. Edward Hooper (b 1970), great-granddaughter of Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia through her son Prince George William of Hanover 415. Jake Naylor-Leyland (b 1993), son of Princess Saskia 416. Gabriel Naylor-Leyland (b 1996), son of Princess Saskia 417. Louis Hooper (b 2007), son of Princess Saskia[9] 418. HRH Prince Georg Paul of Hanover (b 1949), uncle of Princess Saskia, Mrs. Edward Hoope 419. HRH Princess Vera, Mrs. Manuel Dmoch (b 1976), daughter of Prince Georg Paul of Hanover 420. Celina Dmoch (b 2007), daughter of Princess Vera, Mrs. Manuel Dmoch 421. HRH Princess Nora, Mrs. Christian Falk (b 1979), daughter of Prince Georg Paul of Hanover 422. HRH Princess Friederike, Mrs. Jerry Cyr (b 1954), sister of Prince Georg Paul of Hanover 423. Jean-Paul Cyr (b 1985), son of Princess Friederike, Mrs. Jerry Cyr 424. Julia Cyr (b 1982), daughter of Princess Friederike, Mrs. Jerry Cyr 425. HRH Princess Caroline-Luise of Hanover (b 1965), granddaughter of Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia through her son Prince Christian Oscar of Hanover 426. HRH Princess Mireille of Hanover (b 1971), sister of Princess Caroline-Luise of Hanover 427. HM King Constantine II of Greece (b 1940), grandson of Princess Viktoria Luise of Prussia through her daughter Princess Frederika of Hanover * the descendants of King Constantine of Greece who are higher in line as descendants of his wife Queen Anne-Marie of Greece Queen Sofia of Spain * HM The Queen of Spain (Sofia, b 1938), sister of King Constantine of Greece * HRH The Prince of Asturias (Felipe, b 1968), son of the Queen of Spain Panic! at the Disco's debut album, A Fever You Can't Sweat Out, reached #13 on the US Billboard 200, and has sold over 2.2 million copies worldwide[4] since its September 2005 release. The band's second album, Pretty. Odd., was released on March 25, 2008 and debuted at #2 in the US. Formation and early years (2004–2005) The band was formed in Las Vegas, Nevada, by two childhood friends — Ryan Ross on the guitar and Spencer Smith on the drums. Since the age of 13, the two played Blink-182 covers together in a two-piece band called "Pet Salamander". Later they recruited more members to create a band under the name of "The Summer League" with Brent Wilson and Trevor Howell, who would later leave the band. Wilson met Brendon Urie at Palo Verde High School. Wilson asked Urie to try out as guitarist for the fledgling band, as they were looking for a replacement for Trevor at the time. Originally, Urie was not the band's lead singer. Rather, the position belonged to former guitarist and lyricist Ryan Ross. However, when they heard Brendon sing backup vocals during a rehearsal, they were impressed with his backup vocal abilities and unanimously decided to make him the singer. The band then settled on the name 'Panic! at the Disco.' They lifted the name from the lyrics of a song called "Panic" by Name Taken[citation needed]. Although the band often says that the name comes from the song "Panic" by The Smiths, it was revealed by them that the Name Taken song did also lend inspiration to the band, but that the song by The Smiths is sometimes easier to explain to those unaware of Name Taken.[citation needed]It was also stated by the band that the "!" after "Panic" was a typo and was later dropped but then replaced in July 2009 after Guitarist Ryan Ross and Bassist Jon Walker left the band, suggesting Ryan was the reason for the exclamation point drop. The band contacted Fall Out Boy bassist Pete Wentz through LiveJournal and sent him an internet link to their PureVolume site. Wentz took a trip to Las Vegas to meet the band. After seeing them practice, he asked if they would sign with his Fueled by Ramen imprint label Decaydance. [edit] A Fever You Can't Sweat Out (2005–2007) Main article: A Fever You Can't Sweat Out Lead singer Brendon Urie. Panic! at the Disco released their debut album A Fever You Can't Sweat Out on September 27, 2005, making a fan base through PureVolume and MySpace, though achieving little initial commercial recognition. After a consistent presence in PureVolume's top 10 signed artists, and reaching number one in MySpace's indie charts, Panic! at the Disco were featured on MTV's Total Request Live on January 17, 2006, where they premiered their music video for "I Write Sins Not Tragedies." Featuring Lucent Dossier Vaudeville Cirque and a circus wedding theme, the video débuted at #10 on the TRL countdown, later winning the Video of the Year award at the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards. The song was also featured and ran for a month as a "Hip Clipz" on the website of Curly Grrlz Skateboards. The single itself, released April 27, 2006 got to #7 in the US charts. The band was originally third-billed for the Truckstops & Statelines Winter Tour in early 2006, which was headlined by The Academy Is... and included Acceptance as direct support and Hellogoodbye on the line-up. Due to their increase in popularity before and during the tour, the band ended up getting pushed above Acceptance to second-billed every night playing right before the headliner and "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out" outsold The Academy Is...'s debut album, "Almost Here" during the tour. Their second single, "But It's Better If You Do", was released in the UK on May 1, 2006 where it debuted, and peaked, at #23. The accompanying music video, released the previous month, portrays the band playing in a speakeasy in 1930's America, which, according to Urie, shows "the dark and secluded style of Panic." The band officially announced the departure of their bassist, Brent Wilson, with a message on the band's website on May 17, 2006. Wilson has since claimed that the decision to leave was not his, and that he was fired without warning for monetary reasons, though the rest of the band deny this.[5][6] Wilson demanded a cut in royalties, and threatened to take his former band to court if need be.[7] Just days after Wilson's departure, the band embarked on their first headlining tour through Europe, with long-time friend, Jon Walker, filling in for the summer tour as a temporary bassist while a permanent replacement was sought. All of the dates were sold out, with some, notably Manchester, selling out in a matter of hours. Upon their return, the band embarked on a two-month North American headlining tour with supporting acts The Hush Sound, OK Go, The Dresden Dolls, and Lucent Dossier Vaudeville Cirque, still retaining Walker as a temporary bassist. On July 3 of that year, the band's MySpace profile was edited to list Walker as bassist/vocals, and he became a permanent member of Panic! at the Disco. The success of their first two singles helped catapult their debut album to the top of the Billboard Independent chart and to #13 on the Billboard 200 in July 2006. Toward the end of July 2006, Panic! at the Disco released their third music video, "Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off." The video features people with fish tank helmets walking the streets of what appears to be a studio back lot. The video only shows the band in one shot, reportedly because they felt that their looks were distracting from their music. In early August 2006, A Fever You Can't Sweat Out went Platinum, having sold over one million albums. During Panic!'s opening song on August 25, 2006 at the Carling Weekend: Reading Festival, an audience member threw a bottle at the stage, which struck and temporarily knocked out Brendon Urie, forcing the band to stop playing. After a few minutes, he got back up and shouted to the crowd, "You can't take me out! Let's see how well you guys do with my left side", and continued with the same song.[8] In a phone interview Ryan Ross stated that "We were kinda expecting that [bottling] going into the Reading, because we heard that that's kinda a tradition they have over there" and "We walked on and we were kinda expecting that to keep our heads up the whole time, and unfortunately Brendon, he was catching bottles coming towards me and Jon and then he was dodging them himself, and kinda just didn't see one coming that I saw and it got him pretty good, and I dunno that's the only time anything like that's ever happened so hopefully we won't have to worry about anything like that too much." The band embarked on a world tour in the later part of 2006. It included dates in Australia, New Zealand, and continental Europe. On November 7, 2006, they kicked off their first-ever arena tour with Bloc Party (who shortly dropped out because of drummer Matt Tong suffering a collapsed lung) and Jack's Mannequin. The Plain White T's were added to the next few weeks of The Nothing Rhymes With Circus Tour. They opened up the shows beginning in New York through November 26 in Iowa. After that, Cobra Starship were on the tour through December 9 in San Diego. The band appeared along with Fall Out Boy, Marilyn Manson, and other bands on the special edition soundtrack of Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas covering "This Is Halloween", which was re-released in 3D on October 20. Their final single from A Fever You Can't Sweat Out, "Build God, Then We'll Talk", was released on March 5, 2007. The accompanying music video portrays the fallacy of relationships. In May 2007 it was announced that a Smashing Pumpkins Tribute LP would be released, compiled by MySpace and Spin. The LP features Panic!'s cover of "Tonight, Tonight" and was included free in the June 26, 2007 issue of Spin.[9] [edit] Pretty. Odd. and ...Live In Chicago (2008) Main article: Pretty. Odd. In early 2007, Panic at the Disco began writing their follow up album, but decided to scrap all of the songs they had written so far that they had been working on in July 2007. While speaking to MTV, Ryan Ross explained that, before the decision to start over was made, the album had lacked a band set up and that it "sounded like a film score." He also explained that the new songs have "a more positive outlook to them."[10] The band also began performing new songs during various festivals and gigs. Two of these songs were "Nine in the Afternoon" and "When the Day Met the Night". On January 9, the exclamation point in the band's name was dropped. They defended the decision to drop the exclamation point during an interview with MTV: "It was never part of the name to us. (...) When we started doing new promo stuff for this album, we just told everyone not to use it anymore."[11] Rob Mathes, who produced the record, described the album as "the most significant music project I have done in a while in that it is young and intense, adventurous and endlessly creative." "Working with these young kids has made me look at music the way I did when I discovered early records by The Who and Brian Eno-period David Bowie when I was 16. For this project I am also filled with "gratitude"."[12] The band had previously planned to have Danny Elfman, who worked on the original Nightmare Before Christmas soundtrack, produce the album. On December 11, it was announced on Billboard.com that Panic's second album was set to be released on March 25, 2008. Later that day, a series of puzzles began to appear on the Panic at the Disco website. The first puzzle led to the answer of "YOU DON'T HAVE TO WORRY" - drummer Spencer Smith explained that it was a lyric from a song named "We're So Starving". The video for "Nine in the Afternoon" was shot on the December 21 and 22, ahead of the release as a single in January 2008.[13] A second puzzle revealed samples from a song on the upcoming album with the third piece of the puzzle leading to a blog entry on MySpace which updated the progress of the album while releasing a rough version of the song "We're So Starving". The band also announced that they would be recording the strings and mixing the album at Abbey Road Studios. Panic later confirmed that the second album was titled Pretty. Odd. with a release date of March 25, 2008. A fresh puzzle appeared on the band's website on January 16, various parts of the puzzle were released on to different websites. A week later, the completed puzzle appeared on the website revealing the album cover of Pretty. Odd. On January 10, Panic at the Disco were confirmed as headliners for the 2008 Honda Civic Tour. The tour started from April 10 in San Francisco and finished in Anaheim on June 14. The band customized their own Honda Civic Hybrid that would be won by a fan and ticket holder. On January 28, "Nine in the Afternoon" was made available (in full) on the band's official MySpace page. iTunes made the Deluxe Edition and Standard Edition of the album available for pre-order on January 29, 2008.[citation needed] The day after the video for the first single "Nine in the Afternoon" aired, the band shot a whole new video for the next single, entitled "That Green Gentleman (Things Have Changed)". On March 30, the album hit #2 in the UK Albums Chart.[14] The album also debuted at #2 in the U.S., selling 139,000 copies in its first week.[15] On April 8, the album debuted at #1 in Australia.[16] In August, Panic at the Disco embarked on the Pretty. Odd. World Tour, performing in Singapore, South Korea, Japan, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Indonesia, Australia and New Zealand; accompanied by The Academy Is... and Cobra Starship in the last two countries. In December, the band released the DVD/CD set, "...Live In Chicago". The DVD contained the filming of the Chicago show of the Honda Civic Tour, a featurette, music videos and documentaries on the filming of the music videos, whilst the CD included all songs played at the same show, as well as alternative versions of four songs from "Pretty. Odd.".A deluxe Limited Edition was made available, containing all the components as the Standard Edition as well as a hardcover book of photographs, "A Picture with books" taken by longtime friend Shande Valdez. A limited 4,000 copies were made available, and more than 3,700 copies were pre-ordered before the initial release date of December 2, 2008.[17] [edit] Third studio album & Departure of Ryan Ross & Jon Walker (2009–present) In late 2008, the band stated that they were in the early stages of writing and recording their third studio album. On July 6, 2009 it was announced, via the band's official website, that both Ryan Ross and Jon Walker had left the band due to musical differences.[18] The two are currently in a new band, The Young Veins, and are writing and recording their first album together in Los Angeles. Brendon Urie and Spencer Smith are to continue performing as Panic at the Disco. This changed the plans for the third album, which they will now write and record without the help of either of Ross or Walker. Shortly after the news of Ryan and Jon leaving, Brendon and Spencer reassured their fans that their scheduled performances with Fall Out Boy and Chester French for the second half of Blink-182's summer tour are still going to happen. [19] On July 10, 2009 Spencer Smith posted a short message on their website stating that they have been hard at work in the studio on their third album. Along with the message he included a 30 second clip of a new demo they have been working on titled "Oh Glory".[20] "Oh Glory" is the first song to not feature Ross in the band's history. The band also reinserted the exclamation point into its name.[1] The band's new single, "New Perspective" was released on July 28th, and the single will also be part of the soundtrack for the movie Jennifer's Body on August 25th. They also posted the lyrics to the new song.[21] The album is said to be released in late September 2009 and Blink-182 bassist Mark Hoppus is also supposed to work with the band on at least one new track.[22] On July 28th, 2009, Ryan Ross and Jon Walker announced that their new band name was The Young Veins, and that they had a new song called "Change" that was released on their Myspace. On July 29th, 2009 Spencer Smith told MTV that Ian Crawford, former The Cab member, is filling in for Ryan Ross on their current summer tour. As for Jon Walker's replacement, Dallon Weekes, singer/songwriter of the indie band The Brobecks is also playing bass on their tour. [23] [edit] Performances Circus-style performers at a Panic at the Disco concert. Panic! at the Disco performed in Times Square during the New Year's Eve events in December 2006/January 2007 with Carson Daly. They performed two songs, "Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off" and "I Write Sins Not Tragedies". Although both songs contain profanity, Panic! at the Disco sang censored versions of the songs. [edit] Style Music critics associated a number of different genres with Panic! at the Disco. These include emo,[24][25][26] pop punk,[27] and for their later material, baroque pop.[28] Panic! at the Disco has gone on record many times saying that their second album would be completely different from A Fever You Can't Sweat Out, as Rolling Stone wrote in an article: "The group cemented its next direction with their first single, called "Nine in the Afternoon". "It’s influenced by the music our parents listened to: the Beach Boys, The Kinks, the Beatles", says Ross. "Our new songs are more like classic rock than modern rock. We got older and started listening to different music – and this seems like the natural thing to do right now."[29] In his review of their live album, Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted, "...Pretty. Odd. suggests that they're becoming that rare thing in 2008: a pop-oriented rock band. They might not be doing this knowingly, but the results are entertaining all the same."[30] Concerning their style of music, Ryan Ross has said, "I try to think of the person who's worked an eight-hour day, the person who gets in the car and puts on their radio. I'd like them to hear a song that makes them feel happy for three minutes rather than something that makes them more depressed than they already are. We're not afraid to write about love or being happy. We have an entire culture that is either provocative or negative. It's so geared toward being shocking that it no longer manages to shock. They've pushed it as far as they can go both sexually and in terms of anger. Which is why we're here, to provide something different."[31] Pretty. Odd. is described as "Alice in Wonderland-like whimsy; it's as if they dropped the entire Beatles catalog into a blender, added some modern alternative ice and the horn section from Sonia Dada, then churned out a new-millennium Liverpool smoothie. And the band knows it, singing, 'I can't prove this makes any sense, but I sure hope that it does.'"[31]   | ||||||
